Chapter 5 - Cell organelles Flashcards
Prokaryotic Cells
No nucleus bacteria, archea smaller in size only organelles are ribosomes primitive
Eukaryotic Cells
Have nucleus Protists Fungi Plants animals more complex larger in cells
Animal Cells only
Lysosomes Centrioles Flagella, Cilia Desmosomes, tight and gap junctions Extracellular Matrix
Plant Cell only
Central Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Cell wall of cellulose
Plasmodestmata
Why do cells have to be small?
maintain a larger surface area to volume ratio
ex. of surface area
small intestine: highly folded surface to increase absorption of nutrients
root hairs- increases surface area to absorb more water and minerals
Nucleus Function
Control of cell contain dna surrounded by double membrane continuous with the rough ER BOTH
Nuclear Pores
control what enters and leaves nucleus
chromatin
complex of dna and proteins which make up chromosomes
nucleolus
inside nucleus, makes ribosomes
BOTH
Ribosomes
makes proteins
composed of rRNA and protein
BOTH
Types of Ribosome
free ribosomes- float in cytosol, produce proteins used within cell
bound ribosomes- attached to ER, make proteins for export from cell
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Rough ER
ribosomes on surface- package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to golf, make replacement membrane
BOTH
Smooth ER
no ribosomes on surface- detoxification produce lipids, etc.
BOTH
Golgi Apparatus
modify and add
(UPS)
package proteins and ship to appropriate locations in cell
BOTH
Cis face
Receive vesicles
trans face
ships vesicles
vacuoles
storage of materials (makes up 90% of plant cells) PLANT
Lysosomes
Intercellular digestion (suicide sac) break down digestive enzymes apoptosis ANIMAL
Mitochondria
site of cellular respiration
BOTH
Mitochondria double membrane:
outer and inner
mitochondria cristae and matrix
cristae- folds of inner membrane
contains enzymes for ATP
high surface area
matrix- fluid filled inner compartment
Chloroplasts (plant only)
site of photosynthesis double membrane thylakoid disks in stacks (grana) stroma (fluid) contains chlorophyll- makes it green PLANTS
Endosymbiotic theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts share similar origin
pro. cells engulfed by ancestors of Euk. cells.
Evidence of endo. theory
mitochondria had
double membrane structure
have own ribosomes and dna
reproduce independently within cell
cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers
function; support, motility, regulate biochemical activities
ANIMAL
peroxisomes
organelle that houses reactions that peroxide are formed and converted to water
BOTH
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
holds cells together
outside plasma membrane
composed of glycoproteins (collagen)
strengthens tissues and transmits external signals to cell
Intercellular junctions (animal cells)
tight junctions- 2 cells are fused to form watertight seal
desmosomes: rivets that fasten cells into strong sheets
gap junctions: channels through which ions, sugars, small molecules can pass
Plant cells
do not have cytoskeleton
do have cell wall (composed of cellulose)
plasmodesmata; channels between cells to allow passage of molecules
plasma membrane
the membrane that surrounds the cell, regulating the entry and exit of molecules and ions. Every cell has one
BOTH
plasmodesma
a cytoplasmic strand connection two adjacent plant cells
(plas to mold, desmos to band)
PLANT
vesicle
within the cytoplasm, a membrane en closed compartment that is associated with other organelles - You can think of vesicles as cellular envelopes that are used to transport materials from one place to another.
BOTH
gap junction
a 2.7 nanometer gap between plasma membranes of two animal cells, spanned by protein channels. Allow chemical substances or eccentric signals to pass from cell to cell
ANIMAL
nuclear envelope
a highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells.
ANIMAL
cell wall
structure that encloses cells of plants, fungi, many protists, and most prokaryotes and which gives these cells their shape and limits expansion in hypertonic media
PLANT
centriole
The main function of the centriole is to help with cell division in animal cells. The centrioles help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division (mitosis).
ANIMAL
what are the advantages to eukaryotic cells having membrane bound organelles?
traffic regulator
