Chapter 5 - Cell organelles Flashcards by Kelsey Higginson

Prokaryotic Cells

No nucleus 
bacteria, archea 
smaller in size 
only organelles are ribosomes 
primitive

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Eukaryotic Cells

Have nucleus 
Protists 
Fungi
Plants 
animals 
more complex 
larger in cells

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Animal Cells only

Lysosomes
Centrioles 
Flagella, Cilia 
Desmosomes, tight and gap junctions 
Extracellular Matrix

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Plant Cell only

Central Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Cell wall of cellulose
Plasmodestmata

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Why do cells have to be small?

maintain a larger surface area to volume ratio

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ex. of surface area

small intestine: highly folded surface to increase absorption of nutrients

root hairs- increases surface area to absorb more water and minerals

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Nucleus Function

Control of cell 
contain dna 
surrounded by double membrane 
continuous with the rough ER 
BOTH

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Nuclear Pores

control what enters and leaves nucleus

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chromatin

complex of dna and proteins which make up chromosomes

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nucleolus

inside nucleus, makes ribosomes

BOTH

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Ribosomes

makes proteins
composed of rRNA and protein
BOTH

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Types of Ribosome

free ribosomes- float in cytosol, produce proteins used within cell
bound ribosomes- attached to ER, make proteins for export from cell

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Rough ER

Smooth ER

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Rough ER

ribosomes on surface- package proteins for secretion, send transport vesicles to golf, make replacement membrane
BOTH

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Smooth ER

no ribosomes on surface- detoxification produce lipids, etc.
BOTH

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Golgi Apparatus

modify and add
(UPS)
package proteins and ship to appropriate locations in cell
BOTH

Cis face

Receive vesicles

trans face

ships vesicles

vacuoles

storage of materials (makes up 90% of plant cells) PLANT

Lysosomes

Intercellular digestion (suicide sac) 
break down digestive enzymes 
apoptosis ANIMAL

Mitochondria

site of cellular respiration

BOTH

Mitochondria double membrane:

outer and inner

mitochondria cristae and matrix

cristae- folds of inner membrane
contains enzymes for ATP
high surface area
matrix- fluid filled inner compartment

Chloroplasts (plant only)

site of photosynthesis 
double membrane 
thylakoid disks in stacks (grana)
stroma (fluid) 
contains chlorophyll- makes it green 
PLANTS

Endosymbiotic theory

mitochondria and chloroplasts share similar origin | pro. cells engulfed by ancestors of Euk. cells.

Evidence of endo. theory

mitochondria had double membrane structure have own ribosomes and dna reproduce independently within cell

cytoskeleton

network of protein fibers function; support, motility, regulate biochemical activities ANIMAL

peroxisomes

organelle that houses reactions that peroxide are formed and converted to water BOTH

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

holds cells together outside plasma membrane composed of glycoproteins (collagen) strengthens tissues and transmits external signals to cell

Intercellular junctions (animal cells)

tight junctions- 2 cells are fused to form watertight seal desmosomes: rivets that fasten cells into strong sheets gap junctions: channels through which ions, sugars, small molecules can pass

Plant cells

do not have cytoskeleton do have cell wall (composed of cellulose) plasmodesmata; channels between cells to allow passage of molecules

plasma membrane

the membrane that surrounds the cell, regulating the entry and exit of molecules and ions. Every cell has one BOTH

plasmodesma

a cytoplasmic strand connection two adjacent plant cells (plas to mold, desmos to band) PLANT

vesicle

within the cytoplasm, a membrane en closed compartment that is associated with other organelles - You can think of vesicles as cellular envelopes that are used to transport materials from one place to another. BOTH

gap junction

a 2.7 nanometer gap between plasma membranes of two animal cells, spanned by protein channels. Allow chemical substances or eccentric signals to pass from cell to cell ANIMAL

nuclear envelope

a highly regulated membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells. ANIMAL

cell wall

structure that encloses cells of plants, fungi, many protists, and most prokaryotes and which gives these cells their shape and limits expansion in hypertonic media PLANT

centriole

The main function of the centriole is to help with cell division in animal cells. The centrioles help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell division (mitosis). ANIMAL

what are the advantages to eukaryotic cells having membrane bound organelles?

traffic regulator