Chapter 5 Cardiac Abnormalities Flashcards
What is a murmur? What is the cause?
Abnormal heart sounds often accompanied by valve defects;
Abnormal pressure gradients and turbulent blood flow patterns
What has to occur due to valvular stenosis?
The chamber upstream of the valve must develop more pressure during its systolic phase to achieve flow
What occurs as a result of increased work or pressure in the heart chambers?
hypertrophy of cardiac muscles and thickening of walls
What happens when a valve does not close completely? (insufficiency)
Blood regurgitates and this is additional volume that must be ejected to get sufficient flow out of the ventricle into the tissues
An increase in volume due to regurgitation leads to
chamber dilation but not an increase in wall thickness
An increase in AV pressures due to stenosis or regurgitation generally leads to
higher pressures in the upstream capillary beds; ie tissue edema
What is aortic stenosis?
narrowing of the aortic valve that leads to increased pressure in the left ventricle. Blood being ejected may reach high velocities and turbulent blood flow may occur
Describe intraventricular pressures and pulse pressure with aortic stenosis
high
low
What kind of murmur can be heard with aortic stenosis?
systolic murmur
Where are pressures expected to be elevated with mitral stenosis? What can this lead to?
left atria
hypertrophy of the left atrial muscle
If left atrial pressure is high enough, it can cause?
pulmonary congestion
What kind of murmur can be heard with mitral stenosis?
diastolic murmur
What is aortic insufficiency?
When the leaflets of the aortic valve do not provide adequate seal, leading to regurgitation from the aorta back into the left ventricle
Describe the ventricular end diastolic volume, pressure, and pulse pressure with aortic insufficiency
increased
increased
increased
What kind of murmur can be heard with aortic stenosis?
diastolic (and systolic if the aorta is both stenotic and insufficient)
