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Anatomy Lecture Exam #1 > Chapter 5 - Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Bone Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

Function of skeletal system - storage of minerals

A

The Ca salts of bone represent a valuable mineral reserve that maintains normal concentrations of Ca and phosphate ions in body fluids
Ca is most abundant

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1
Q

Functions of skeletal system - support

A

Provides structural support for the entire body

Individual bones or groups provide a framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs

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2
Q

Function of skeletal system - blood cell production

A

RBC, WBC, and platelets are produced in the red bone marrow which fills the internal cavities of many bones

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3
Q

Functions of skeletal systems - protection

A

Skeletal elements protect delicate tissues and organs
Ribs protect heart and lungs
Skull encloses the brain
Pelvis cradles the delicate digestive and repro organs

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4
Q

Functions of skeletal system - leverage

A

They can change the magnitude and direction of the forces generated by skeletal muscles

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5
Q

Long bone gross anatomy - diaphysis

A

Shaft

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6
Q

Long bone gross anatomy - epiphyses

A

Two ends of the bone

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7
Q

Long bone gross anatomy - metaphysis

A

A narrow zone inbetween diaphysis and epiphysis

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8
Q

Long bone gross anatomy - epiphyseal plate

A

A hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone that determines the future length and shape of the mature bone

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9
Q

Long bone gross anatomy - periosteum

A

Fibrous outer layer
Osteogenic inner layer
Isolates and protects the bone from surrounding tissues
Provides a route and a place of attachment for circulatory and nervous supply
Actively participates in bone growth and repair

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10
Q

Long bone gross anatomy - medullary or marrow cavity

A

The space within a bone that contains the marrow

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11
Q

Long bone gross anatomy- endosteum

A

Lines the medullary cavity
Contains osteoprogenitor cells
Covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals and perforating canals
Active during the growth of bone and whenever repair or remodeling is underway

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12
Q

Long bone gross anatomy - compact bone

A

Thickest where stresses arrive from a limited range of directions
Dense and solid

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13
Q

Lone bone gross anatomy. - spongy bone

A

Much more capable of resisting stresses applied from many different directions
Forms an open network of struts and plates

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14
Q

Blood and nerve supply of bone tissue - nutrient artery/vein

A

Form as blood vessels invade cartilage model at the start of endochondral ossification
Only one vein and one artery entering the diaphysis through a nutrient foramen

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15
Q

Blood and nerve supply to bone - periosteal vessels

A

Provide blood to the superficial osteons of the shaft

16
Q

Blood and nerve supply to bone - metaphysis vessels

A

Supply blood to inner surface of each epiphyseal cartilage, where bone is replacing cartilage

17
Q

Blood and nerve supply to bone - epiphyseal vessels

A

Supply the osseous tissue and medullary cavities of the epiphyses

18
Q

Bone histology - compact bone

Haversian system

A

Central canal - contains the blood vessels that supply the Osteon
Concentric lamellae - form a series of concentric rings around the central canal
Lacunae
Osteocytes
Canaliculi

19
Q

Bone histology - compact bone

Perforating canals ( Volkmann’s )

A

Extend roughly perpendicular to the surface

20
Q

Bone histology - spongy bone

Trabeculae

A

Arrangement of spongy bone into parallel struts or thick, branching plates

21
Q

Bone histology - spongy bone

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

Maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix

22
Q

Steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. Fibrous connective tissue membrane
  2. Cells in membrane differentiate to osteoblasts
  3. Osteoblasts
  4. Secrete matrix called osteoid
    5 when osteoblasts are enclosed by matrix = osteocytes
  5. Bone matrix becomes mineralized and develops into trabeculae = spongy bone
  6. Fibrous membrane - periosteum
  7. Surface becomes compact bone
23
Q

Steps to endochondral ossification

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage model
  2. Cartilage cells grow, increase size of model
  3. Bone forms on outer surface of cartilage shaft
  4. Near middle of model, bone cells differentiate into osteoblasts and produce new bone, produces primary ossification center
  5. Spongy bone filling central region of shaft is dissolved by osteoclasts to form marrow cavity
  6. Cells in epiphysis produce a secondary ossification center
  7. First and second primary ossification centers meet at epiphyseal plate
  8. Epiphyseal plate becomes epiphyseal line
  9. Oppositional growth at periosteal region
24
Q

Bone remodeling - osteoclasts

A

Bone destroying cells

25
Q

Bone remodeling - osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells

26
Q

Bone remodeling - osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

27
Q

Bone remodeling - changes in bone shape

A

Weight bearing exercises stimulates osteoblasts

28
Q

Bone remodeling - repair of fractures

A

Fraction occurs
Hematoma formation
Internal collus - spongy bone network
External collus - cartilage internal collus

29
Q

Bone remodeling - aging of bone

A

Bones become thinner and relatively weaker

30
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone tissue problem
Reduction in bone mass and microstructural changes that compromise normal function and increase suspectability to fractures

31
Q

Closed (simple) fractures

A

Completely internal, can only be seen on x-rays because they do not involve a break in the skin

32
Q

Open (compound ) fracture

A

Project through the skin, more dangerously than closed fractures due to the possibility of infection or uncontrolled bleeding

33
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Break in a bone shaft across its long axis

34
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Produced by twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone

35
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Shatter the affected area into a multitude of bony fragments

36
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

One side of the bone is broken and the other is bent

Generally occurs in children whose long bones have yet to ossify fully

37
Q

Epiphyseal fracture

A

Tend to occur where the bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying

Fractures between the epiphyses and the epiphyseal cartilage can permanently stop growth

Anatomy Lecture Exam #1 (6 decks)

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