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Pathology Final > Chapter 5 Biliary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Biliary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Denotes a yellowish cast to the skin and sclera of the eyes that is the result of excess bilirubin in the blood

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2
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

It signifies inflammation of the liver cells

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3
Q

What happens with hepatitis?

A

The cells die and are quickly replaced by new ones if the injury to the liver is slight

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4
Q

What results when hepatitis is more severe?

A

Cirrhosis

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5
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis?

A

Jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting

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6
Q

What does hepatitis show?

A

Hepatomegaly and possible jaundice

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7
Q

What happens to the technique when imaging hepatitis?

A

An increase in mAs may be needed to increase the density of the image

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8
Q

When should acute cholecystitis be suspected?

A

when the gallbladder is not visualized with any type of imaging modality

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9
Q

What is almost always the universal cause of acute cholecystitis?

A

A cystic duct obstruction

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10
Q

What are symptoms of acute cholecystitis?

A

A very sharp painful attack in the right upper right quadrant, usually after eating a large fatty meal. The pain is accompanied by fever, nausea, and vomiting

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11
Q

What is cholelithiasis?

A

Gallstones

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12
Q

Who are more prone to gallstones?

A

women who are over 40 years of age and overweight. Pregnant women or women on oral contraceptives or estrogen therapy

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13
Q

What are gallstones composed of?

A

Constituents of bile (cholesterol) that have crystallized

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14
Q

Some gallstones are?

A

Pure bile pigment

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15
Q

Gallstones composed of pure bile are what?

A

Radiolucent

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16
Q

Stones that contain calcium carbonate are what?

A

Radiopaque

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17
Q

What gallstones are most common?

A

Radiolucent

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18
Q

What is the cause of gallstones?

A

No cause is known but it is believed that stones are associated with the inability of the gallbladder to a absorb properly

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of gallstones?

A

Most gallstones do not cause symptoms for a long time but if there is a blockage in a bile duct, pain may occur intermediately

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20
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

Inflammation of the pancreas and occurs when the enzymes released by the pancreas attack the organ itself instead of food

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21
Q

What is the difference between pancreatitis and another organ inflammation?

A

The powerful digestive enzymes secreted by the acinar cells may escape from the cells and start to digest the pancreas itself as well as the adipose tissue around it (called enzymatic necrosis)

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22
Q

What is Cirrhosis?

A

is one of the most common serious diseases and is used when changes occur in the structure of the liver as the result of any one of a number of chronic diseases

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23
Q

What happens to the tissue with cirrhosis?

A

Normal tissue is destroyed and replaced by scar tissues, which diminishes the ability of the organ to function properly, hindering the circulation of the blood through the liver and reducing its power remove toxins from the body

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24
Q

Who does cirrhosis most often affect?

A

Men

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25
Q

What is cirrhosis usually the result of?

A

Alcoholism or Hep C

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26
Q

What are other causes of cirrhosis?

A

blocked bile ducts, drugs, toxins and infections, and some inherited diseases (such as glycogen storage disease of an absorption deficit in which excess iron is deposited in the liver, pancreas, and other organs)

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27
Q

When does alcoholic cirrhosis develop?

A

After more than a decade of heavy drinking

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28
Q

What does alcohol block with cirrhosis?

A

The livers metabolism of protein, fats, and carbs

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29
Q

What are the symptoms of cirrhosis?

A

Many people have no symptoms in the early stages but as the fat deposits continue they interfere with normal function and cell death occurs. Damaged and deal liver cells are replaced by fibrous tissue which leads to fibrosis

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30
Q

What is a endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogrpay?

A

A common procedure used to visualize the common bile duct

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31
Q

What does an ERCP locate and treat?

A

blockages in the duct, find the source of pain, and aid in the planning stages of surgery

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32
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

The liver

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33
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

Below the diaphragm in the RUQ

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34
Q

How many lobes is the liver divided into?

A

Four

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35
Q

What are the two main lobes of the liver?

A

The right and left lobes

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36
Q

What are the right and left lobes separated by?

A

The falciform ligament

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37
Q

What is the ligament teres and where is it located?

A

It is a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein and is on the inferior portion of the falciform ligament

38
Q

How many segments is the right lobe divided into?

A

Three segments - the right lobe proper, the caudate lobe, and the quadrate lobe

39
Q

What often looks like an additional lobe and often seen in women?

A

The Reidel lobe, located in the posterior, inferior aspect of the right lobe

40
Q

What forms the portal vein?

A

The splenic vein and the superior mesenteric vein unite

41
Q

What is processed through the portal vein?

A

Venous blood from the spleen and the GI tract is sent to the liver for processing through this vital vessel

42
Q

Where does the gallbladder lie?

A

In a shallow fossa on the posterior surface of the right lobe of the liver

43
Q

What are the parts of the gallbladder?

A

fundus, body, and neck

44
Q

What is the Hartman pouch?

A

A small pouch occasionally found in the posterior neck of the gallbladder

45
Q

What is a prime spot for gallstones to collect?

A

The Hartman pouch

46
Q

What merges with the cystic duct?

A

The neck of the gallbladder

47
Q

What forms the common hepatic duct?

A

The right and left hepatics ducts

48
Q

What is the cystic duct?

A

A small duct coming off the neck of the gallbladder

49
Q

What are the spiral valves of Heister?

A

The lumen of the cystic duct contains membranous folds

50
Q

What does the spiral valves of Heister help?

A

They help prevent the collapse or distention of the cystic duct

51
Q

What forms the common bile duct?

A

The common hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct

52
Q

What is the CBD also known as?

A

The choledochus

53
Q

What forms the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

The CBD joining with the pancreatic duct near the duodenum

54
Q

What is another name for the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

The ampulla of Vater

55
Q

What is located at the opening of the ampulla into the C-loop of the duodenum?

A

The hepatopancreatic sphincter or sphincter of Oddi

56
Q

What are the four areas of the pancreas?

A

Head, neck, body and tail

57
Q

Where does the head sit of the pancreas?

A

in the C-loop of the duodenum

58
Q

What is the ucinate process?

A

An inferior extension of the head that courses toward the midline

59
Q

What different types of cells does the pancreas contain?

A

Beta cells, acing cells, and the islets of Langerhans

60
Q

What duct runs the entire length of the pancreas?

A

The main pancreatic duct also known as the duct of Wirsung

61
Q

What forms the ampulla of Vater?

A

The main pancreatic duct and the CBD

62
Q

What is the duct of Santorini?

A

A minor accessory duct sometimes found branching off the superior aspect of the duct of Wirsung

63
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A
  1. It produces bile and bilirubin
  2. Performs biochemical functions
  3. Many of the body’s metabolic functions
64
Q

What is bile?

A

It contains bile salts, fatty acids, cholesterol, bilirubin and other compounds

65
Q

Where are the components of bile synthesized and modified?

A

In the liver cells

66
Q

After bile is synthesized and modified in the liver cells, where is it taken to?

A

The gallbladder and small bowel through the biliary ducts to aid in the digestion process

67
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

A yellow pigment that comes primarily from old red blood cells. It is taken from the blood, modified to a water-soluble form and secreted into bile

68
Q

What are secreted from the liver?

A

Blood clotting factors such as albumin

69
Q

What metabolic functions occur in the liver?

A

The metabolism of cholesterol and the conversion of proteins and fats into glucose

70
Q

What is metabolized in the liver?

A

Drugs and toxins, including alcohol

71
Q

What is bile necessary for?

A

To break down or emulsify fat into smaller fat globules to be digested

72
Q

Where is bile concentrated and stored?

A

In the gallbladder

73
Q

What is cholecystokinin?

A

A hormone that causes the gallbladder to contract when food, particularly fat is present in the duodenum

74
Q

What functions does the pancreas have?

A

Both endocrine (ductless) and exocrine (secretion) functions

75
Q

What do the endocrine functions of the pancreas include?

A

The production of the hormones insulin and glucagon which are secreted directly into the bloodstream

76
Q

What does insulin control?

A

Carbohydrate metabolism

77
Q

How many hormones are produced by the islets of Langerhans and what cells produce them?

A

Two hormones are produced by alpha-2 cells that secrete glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin

78
Q

What do the exocrine functions of the pancreas include?

A

The secretion of enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fat and proteins

79
Q

What enzymes are secreted by the pancreas?

A

Amylase, lipase, and trypsin

80
Q

What are amylase, lipase, and trypsin produced by?

A

The acing cells of the pancreas

81
Q

What is the function of amylase?

A

It breaks down starch into maltose

82
Q

What is the function of lipase?

A

It works on fats to break them down into fatty acids and glycerol. It is also known as steapsin

83
Q

What is the function of trypsin?

A

It breaks down proteins into peptones and amino acids. It is also known as protease

84
Q

What are some symptoms associated with cirrhosis?

A

Exhaustion, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, weakness, weight loss, abdominal pain and spider angioma

85
Q

What is the last stage of cirrhosis characterized by?

A

Fibrous scars that disrupt the makeup of the liver cells . Scar tissue will pull on the liver parenchyma causing the appearance of a small liver. This interferes with flood flow to and from the liver because of obstruction of the portal vein

86
Q

What does portal hypertension cause with cirrhosis?

A

Ascites, jaundice, and esophageal varices

87
Q

In advanced cases, cirrhosis can cause what?

A

Abnomalities in the brain known as hepatic encephalopathy. This occurs when toxic metabolites, normally removed from the blood by the liver, reach the brain

88
Q

What are complications of cirrhosis?

A

Edema, ascites, brusing and bleeding, jaundice, gallstones, portal hypertension, varices, diabetes and liver cancer, renal dysfunction and failure

89
Q

What do many men suffer from with cirrhosis?

A

Gynecomastia (enlarged breasts) with shrinkage of their testicles

90
Q

True or false

Liver damage from cirrhosis can be reversed

A

False

91
Q

What should the technologist looks for on images with cirrhosis?

A

Hepatomegaly, ascites and air-fluid levels on the abdominal images

92
Q

What kind of pathology is cirrhosis considered?

A

An additive pathology

Pathology Final (5 decks)

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