Chapter 5: Behavior of Interest Rates Flashcards
Credit spread
the difference in yield between bonds of a similar maturity but with different credit quality
Quantitative tightening
tightening money supply
Inverted yield curve
when long-term rates are less than short-term lending rates
Quantitative easing
easing money supply
liquidity effect
how increasing and decreasing money supply influences interest rates
determinants of asset demand
wealth, expected return, risk, liquidity
wealth
the total resources owned by the individual, including all assets
when wealth increases, quantity demanded of an asset increases
expected return
the return expected over the next period on one asset relative to alternative assets
when expected return increase, quantity demanded of an asset increases
risk
the degree of uncertainty associated with the return on one asset relative to alternative assets
when risk increases, quantity demanded will decreases
liquidity
the ease and speed with which an asset can be turned into cash relative to alternative assets
when liquidity increases, quantity demanded increases
theory of portfolio choice
tells us how much of an asset people will want to hold in their portfolios.
shifts in demand for bonds: wealth
expansion: wealth increases, demand curve shifts right
recession: wealth decreases, demand curve shift left
shifts in demand for bonds: expected interest rate
expected interest rate increases, demand curve shifts left
shifts in demand for bonds: expected inflation
expected inflation increases, demand curve shifts left
shifts in demand for bonds: riskiness of bonds relative to other assets
expected riskiness increases, demand curve shifts left
shifts in demand for bonds: liquidity
are bonds become more liquid, demand curve shifts right
what causes shifts in supply of bonds?
expected profitability of investment opportunities, expected inflation, government budget deficits
shifts in supply of bonds: profitability of investments
as profitability increases, supply curve shifts right
shifts in supply of bonds: expected inflation
expected inflation increases, supply curve shifts right
shifts in supply of bonds: government deficit
government deficit increases, supply curve shifts right
what causes the shifts in demand for money
income effect, price-level effect
income effect
- as supply of money increases, income increases, and interest rates increase in the long term
- or, increase in income causes demand of money to increase and shifts demand of money to the right
price-level effect
- as supply of money increases, price levels increase, and interest rates increase in the long term
- or, increase in price level causes demand of money to increase and shifts demand of money to the right
shifts in the supply of money
an increases in money supply caused by the Federal Reserve will shift the supply curve for money to the right
What happens to interest rates when an income is rising during expansion?
interest will rise
what happens to interest rates when the price level increases?
interest rises
what happens to interest when the supply of money increases
interest rates will decline
the Fisher Effect
when inflation rises, interest rates will rise
if there is an excess in the supply of money, what happens to the interest rate and bonds?
Individuals will buy bonds, causing interest rate to fall
when the interest rate on a bond is above the equilibrium interest rate, in the bond market, what happens to the interest rate?
There will be an excess demand which causes interest rates to fall
liquidity preference framework
the equilibrium interest rate in terms of the supply/demand of money rather than of bonds
- i.e. an excess supply of bonds implies excess demand for money
what are the 3 components of net interest margin?
funding spread, interest rate risk spread, and credit spread
Expected-inflation effect
as supply of money increases, expected inflation rate also increases causing interest rates to increase in LT
is the liquidity effect long term or short term
short term
what are the long term effects of increasing the money supply?
income effect, price level effect, expected inflation effect
in the liquidity preference framework, what are the two ways to store wealth?
money and bonds