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Microbiology > Chapter 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 and 6 Flashcards

1
Q

sum of all chemical reactions & energy balancing

A

metabolism

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2
Q

chemical reaction in which cells release energy by breaking down complex organic compounds

A

catabolism

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3
Q

chemical reaction in which cells need energy to build complex organic molecules from the broken down molecules

A

anabolism

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4
Q

substances that speed up chemical reactions and are known as enzymes

A

catalysts

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5
Q

enzyme connects to this molecule

A

substrate

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6
Q

region that interacts with the enzyme and substate

A

active site

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7
Q

the temporary binding of an enzyme and substrate enabling collisions to be more effective and activation energy is lowered

A

enzyme - substrate complex

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8
Q

protein portion

A

apoenzyme

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9
Q

non-protein portion; vitamins such as Zn, Fe, Ca, and Mg

A

cofactor

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10
Q

apoenzyme and cofactor join together

A

holoenzyme

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11
Q

coenzyme; derivative of B and Niacin vitamins; electron carriers; catabolic

A

NAD+

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12
Q

coenzyme; derivative of B and Niacin vitamins; electron carriers; anabolic

A

NADP+

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13
Q

electron carriers and derivatives of B and niacin

A

FAD positive

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14
Q

coenzyme involved in the making and breaking down of fats in the krebs cycle

A

acetyl-coA

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15
Q

substrate joins with enzyme @ active site; substrate and enzyme molecules rearrange; substrate molecule if released from the enzyme and enzyme can find other substrates to connect with

A

enzyme action pathway

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16
Q

active site is always occupied by substrate or product molecules

A

saturation

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17
Q

fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the active site

A

competitive inhibitors

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18
Q

inhibits the enzyme whose normal substrate is PABA

A

sulfa drug

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19
Q

do not compete with the substrate’s enzyme’s active site; interact with another part of the enzyme

A

noncompetitive inhibitors

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20
Q

inhibitor binds to a site on the enzyme other than the substrate’s binding site

A

allosteric site

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21
Q

function as catalysts, have active sites, are not used up in chemical reactions; RNA molecules

A

ribozyme

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22
Q

removal of electrons

A

oxidation

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23
Q

gaining of electrons

A

reduction

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24
Q

loss of hydrogen atoms

A

dehydrogenation

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25
adding a phosphate to a chemical compound
phosphorylation
26
breakdown of carbs to produce energy; glucose is the most prominent
Carbohydrate catabolism
27
Oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid; first stage in carbohydrate catabolism; splitting of sugar; a six carbon sugar is split into two three carbon sugars; the two three carbon sugars are oxidized are oxidized
Glycolysis
28
ATP generating process during which molecules are oxidized and the final electron acceptor is almost always and in organic molecule
Cellular Respiration
29
Organism that uses oxygen
Aerobic
30
Organism that doesn't use oxygen
Anaerobic
31
Final electron acceptor is always oxygen
Aerobic respiration
32
Final electron acceptor is a inorganic molecule other than oxygen
Anaerobic respiration
33
Sequence of carrier molecules that oxidize and reduce; energy is released
Electron transport chain
34
ATP is generated when a high energy phosphate is directly transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP
substrate-level phosphorylation
35
electrons are transferred from organic compounds to one group of election carriers; electrons are passed via electron carriers and end up in electron transport chain
oxidative phosphorylation
36
converts light energy to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH; synthesis of organic molecules occur
photophosphorylation
37
Cold loving microbes; grow at 0 degrees Celsius but has an optimum growth of 15 degrees
Psychrophile/psychrotroph
38
Moderate temperature loving organisms; optimum growth temperature of 25-40 degrees; Most common type of microbe; include most of the common spoilage and disease organisms
Mesophile
39
Love heat; 50 - 60 degrees centigrade; important in composting
Thermopile
40
Members of the archaea grow at temperatures of 80 degrees centigrade; live in hot springs; they need sulfur to grow
Hyperthermophile
41
Lowest temperature at which a species will grow
Minimum growth temperature
42
Highest temperature species will grow
Maximum growth temperature
43
Temperature at which a species grows best
Optimum Growth Temperature
44
37 degrees C
Most common temperature for human pathogens
45
Bacteria that tolerate acidity
Acidophiles
46
Bacteria who love alkaline environment
Alkalinophile
47
Bacteria prefer what level of pH?
6.5 & 7.5
48
Solution had more dilutes than solvent
Hypertonic
49
Solution does NOT have a lot of solutes
Hypotonic
50
Solute content and solvent content are equal
Isotonic
51
Shrinkage of the cell's cytoplasm
Plasmolysis
52
Bacteria that love that salty environment
Halophile
53
Bacteria that use nitrogen
Nitrogen fixation
54
Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg
Trace Elements
55
Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus
Chemical Elements For Microbial Growth
56
NEED oxygen to survive
Obligate aerobe
57
Could use oxygen but can continue to grow without it
Facultative Anaerobe
58
NEED low amount of oxygen for growth
Microaerophile
59
CANT SURVIVE WITH OXYGEN AROUND
Obligate Anaerobe
60
NO OXYGEN IS NEEDED BUT CONTINUES IN PRESENCE OF OXYGEN
Aerotolerant Anaerobe
61
Organism that grows best with high amounts of carbon dioxide
Capnophile
62
essential organic compounds that bacteria cannot make
Organic Growth Factors
63
Polysaccharide thickener used to make nutrient agar plates
Agar
64
Nutrients from yeast, meat or plants, or digests of proteins from plants or meat, yeasts make up this type of media in a lab; grows most chemo heterotrophic organisms
Complex
65
Media made up of sodium thioglycolate; bacteria who can't survive with oxygen around
Reducing Media
66
Suppresses the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourages the growth of desired microbes
Selective media
67
Makes it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism from other colonies growing on the same plate
Differential media
68
What arises from a single spore or vegetative cell or from a group of the same microorganisms attached to one another in clumps or chains?
Colony
69
Reproduction of organisms
Binary fission
70
The time required for a cell to divide
Generation Time
71
Microbes freezes at temperatures ranging from -54 to 72; water within microbes is removed by a high vacuum
Lyophilization
72
A way of measuring bacterial populations
Plate Count
73
plate counts
Colony-forming units
74
method for determining the number of bacteria in a SAMPLE
Most probable number method
75
Practical way of monitoring bacterial growth
Turbidity
76
Water is passed through a thin membrane filter whose pores are too small to allow bacteria to pass
Filtration
77
What is a microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface
Biofilm
78
The ability of bacteria to communicate and coordinate behavior via signaling molecules.
Quorum sensing
79
Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative, non-endoscopes forming, rod shaped bacteria that ferment lactose with acid and gas formation within 48 hours at 35 degrees C
Coliforms
80
What is it called with we dilute a sample multiple times?
Serial dilution
81
Metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and catabolism; bridge the reactions that lead to the addition and subtraction of sugars, fats, proteins, and nucleotides.
Amphibolic pathways
82
Organisms that use light as a source of energy but cannot convert CO2 to sugar. Organisms use sources of carbon organic compounds like fatty acids, alcohols and carbs.
Photoheterotrophs
83
Bacteria that use electrons from reduced inorganic as a source of energy and use CO2 as their source of carbon.
Chemoautotrophs
84
Use electrons from hydrogen atoms in organic compounds as their energy source.
Chemo heterotrophs
85
Removal of carbon dioxide from an amino acid
Decarboxilation
86
Change in molecular structure of a protein to make the enzyme non-functional
Denaturation
87
Describing an organism that produces only lactic acid from fermentation.
Homolactic
88
Describing an organism that produces lactic acid and other acids or alcohols as end products of fermentation
Heterolactic
89
Molecules on the left side of reaction
Reactants
90
Molecules on the right side of the reaction
Products
91
A molecule that speeds up chemical reactions in a living organism, usually a protein.
Enzyme
92
One type of bacteria
Pure culture
93
Another indirect way to estimate bacterial numbers
Metabolic Activity
94
Liquid media that provides untie us and environmental conditions that favor growth of a particular microbe
Enrichment media

Microbiology (2 decks)

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