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Microbiology > Chapter 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 and 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sum of all chemical reactions & energy balancing

A

metabolism

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2
Q

chemical reaction in which cells release energy by breaking down complex organic compounds

A

catabolism

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3
Q

chemical reaction in which cells need energy to build complex organic molecules from the broken down molecules

A

anabolism

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4
Q

substances that speed up chemical reactions and are known as enzymes

A

catalysts

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5
Q

enzyme connects to this molecule

A

substrate

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6
Q

region that interacts with the enzyme and substate

A

active site

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7
Q

the temporary binding of an enzyme and substrate enabling collisions to be more effective and activation energy is lowered

A

enzyme - substrate complex

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8
Q

protein portion

A

apoenzyme

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9
Q

non-protein portion; vitamins such as Zn, Fe, Ca, and Mg

A

cofactor

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10
Q

apoenzyme and cofactor join together

A

holoenzyme

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11
Q

coenzyme; derivative of B and Niacin vitamins; electron carriers; catabolic

A

NAD+

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12
Q

coenzyme; derivative of B and Niacin vitamins; electron carriers; anabolic

A

NADP+

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13
Q

electron carriers and derivatives of B and niacin

A

FAD positive

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14
Q

coenzyme involved in the making and breaking down of fats in the krebs cycle

A

acetyl-coA

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15
Q

substrate joins with enzyme @ active site; substrate and enzyme molecules rearrange; substrate molecule if released from the enzyme and enzyme can find other substrates to connect with

A

enzyme action pathway

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16
Q

active site is always occupied by substrate or product molecules

A

saturation

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17
Q

fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the active site

A

competitive inhibitors

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18
Q

inhibits the enzyme whose normal substrate is PABA

A

sulfa drug

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19
Q

do not compete with the substrate’s enzyme’s active site; interact with another part of the enzyme

A

noncompetitive inhibitors

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20
Q

inhibitor binds to a site on the enzyme other than the substrate’s binding site

A

allosteric site

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21
Q

function as catalysts, have active sites, are not used up in chemical reactions; RNA molecules

A

ribozyme

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22
Q

removal of electrons

A

oxidation

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23
Q

gaining of electrons

A

reduction

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24
Q

loss of hydrogen atoms

A

dehydrogenation

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25
Q

adding a phosphate to a chemical compound

A

phosphorylation

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26
Q

breakdown of carbs to produce energy; glucose is the most prominent

A

Carbohydrate catabolism

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27
Q

Oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid; first stage in carbohydrate catabolism; splitting of sugar; a six carbon sugar is split into two three carbon sugars; the two three carbon sugars are oxidized are oxidized

A

Glycolysis

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28
Q

ATP generating process during which molecules are oxidized and the final electron acceptor is almost always and in organic molecule

A

Cellular Respiration

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29
Q

Organism that uses oxygen

A

Aerobic

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30
Q

Organism that doesn’t use oxygen

A

Anaerobic

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31
Q

Final electron acceptor is always oxygen

A

Aerobic respiration

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32
Q

Final electron acceptor is a inorganic molecule other than oxygen

A

Anaerobic respiration

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33
Q

Sequence of carrier molecules that oxidize and reduce; energy is released

A

Electron transport chain

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34
Q

ATP is generated when a high energy phosphate is directly transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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35
Q

electrons are transferred from organic compounds to one group of election carriers; electrons are passed via electron carriers and end up in electron transport chain

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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36
Q

converts light energy to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH; synthesis of organic molecules occur

A

photophosphorylation

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37
Q

Cold loving microbes; grow at 0 degrees Celsius but has an optimum growth of 15 degrees

A

Psychrophile/psychrotroph

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38
Q

Moderate temperature loving organisms; optimum growth temperature of 25-40 degrees;
Most common type of microbe; include most of the common spoilage and disease organisms

A

Mesophile

39
Q

Love heat; 50 - 60 degrees centigrade; important in composting

A

Thermopile

40
Q

Members of the archaea grow at temperatures of 80 degrees centigrade; live in hot springs; they need sulfur to grow

A

Hyperthermophile

41
Q

Lowest temperature at which a species will grow

A

Minimum growth temperature

42
Q

Highest temperature species will grow

A

Maximum growth temperature

43
Q

Temperature at which a species grows best

A

Optimum Growth Temperature

44
Q

37 degrees C

A

Most common temperature for human pathogens

45
Q

Bacteria that tolerate acidity

A

Acidophiles

46
Q

Bacteria who love alkaline environment

A

Alkalinophile

47
Q

Bacteria prefer what level of pH?

A

6.5 & 7.5

48
Q

Solution had more dilutes than solvent

A

Hypertonic

49
Q

Solution does NOT have a lot of solutes

A

Hypotonic

50
Q

Solute content and solvent content are equal

A

Isotonic

51
Q

Shrinkage of the cell’s cytoplasm

A

Plasmolysis

52
Q

Bacteria that love that salty environment

A

Halophile

53
Q

Bacteria that use nitrogen

A

Nitrogen fixation

54
Q

Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg

A

Trace Elements

55
Q

Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus

A

Chemical Elements For Microbial Growth

56
Q

NEED oxygen to survive

A

Obligate aerobe

57
Q

Could use oxygen but can continue to grow without it

A

Facultative Anaerobe

58
Q

NEED low amount of oxygen for growth

A

Microaerophile

59
Q

CANT SURVIVE WITH OXYGEN AROUND

A

Obligate Anaerobe

60
Q

NO OXYGEN IS NEEDED BUT CONTINUES IN PRESENCE OF OXYGEN

A

Aerotolerant Anaerobe

61
Q

Organism that grows best with high amounts of carbon dioxide

A

Capnophile

62
Q

essential organic compounds that bacteria cannot make

A

Organic Growth Factors

63
Q

Polysaccharide thickener used to make nutrient agar plates

A

Agar

64
Q

Nutrients from yeast, meat or plants, or digests of proteins from plants or meat, yeasts make up this type of media in a lab; grows most chemo heterotrophic organisms

A

Complex

65
Q

Media made up of sodium thioglycolate; bacteria who can’t survive with oxygen around

A

Reducing Media

66
Q

Suppresses the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourages the growth of desired microbes

A

Selective media

67
Q

Makes it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism from other colonies growing on the same plate

A

Differential media

68
Q

What arises from a single spore or vegetative cell or from a group of the same microorganisms attached to one another in clumps or chains?

A

Colony

69
Q

Reproduction of organisms

A

Binary fission

70
Q

The time required for a cell to divide

A

Generation Time

71
Q

Microbes freezes at temperatures ranging from -54 to 72; water within microbes is removed by a high vacuum

A

Lyophilization

72
Q

A way of measuring bacterial populations

A

Plate Count

73
Q

plate counts

A

Colony-forming units

74
Q

method for determining the number of bacteria in a SAMPLE

A

Most probable number method

75
Q

Practical way of monitoring bacterial growth

A

Turbidity

76
Q

Water is passed through a thin membrane filter whose pores are too small to allow bacteria to pass

A

Filtration

77
Q

What is a microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface

A

Biofilm

78
Q

The ability of bacteria to communicate and coordinate behavior via signaling molecules.

A

Quorum sensing

79
Q

Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, gram-negative, non-endoscopes forming, rod shaped bacteria that ferment lactose with acid and gas formation within 48 hours at 35 degrees C

A

Coliforms

80
Q

What is it called with we dilute a sample multiple times?

A

Serial dilution

81
Q

Metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and catabolism; bridge the reactions that lead to the addition and subtraction of sugars, fats, proteins, and nucleotides.

A

Amphibolic pathways

82
Q

Organisms that use light as a source of energy but cannot convert CO2 to sugar. Organisms use sources of carbon organic compounds like fatty acids, alcohols and carbs.

A

Photoheterotrophs

83
Q

Bacteria that use electrons from reduced inorganic as a source of energy and use CO2 as their source of carbon.

A

Chemoautotrophs

84
Q

Use electrons from hydrogen atoms in organic compounds as their energy source.

A

Chemo heterotrophs

85
Q

Removal of carbon dioxide from an amino acid

A

Decarboxilation

86
Q

Change in molecular structure of a protein to make the enzyme non-functional

A

Denaturation

87
Q

Describing an organism that produces only lactic acid from fermentation.

A

Homolactic

88
Q

Describing an organism that produces lactic acid and other acids or alcohols as end products of fermentation

A

Heterolactic

89
Q

Molecules on the left side of reaction

A

Reactants

90
Q

Molecules on the right side of the reaction

A

Products

91
Q

A molecule that speeds up chemical reactions in a living organism, usually a protein.

A

Enzyme

92
Q

One type of bacteria

A

Pure culture

93
Q

Another indirect way to estimate bacterial numbers

A

Metabolic Activity

94
Q

Liquid media that provides untie us and environmental conditions that favor growth of a particular microbe

A

Enrichment media

Microbiology (2 decks)

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