Chapter 5 and 6 Flashcards
What is the Urbanization Process?
- out-migration from rural areas to cities
2. Natural increase of population due to an excess of births over deaths
What is Urbanization?
more modern, population increased
First World/Rich countries
USA
Third World/Poor countries
Emerging markets, underdeveloped, poor, mass poverty
Mega Cities
Giant cities over 10 million inhabitants, increased unemployment, inadequate sanitation, population, lack of housing
Globalization of Culture
two forces that are decreasing cultural diversity among cities while increasing their economic interdependence: 1. the globalization of cultural life (films, news, tv) 2. globalization of economic life
Old International Division of Labor (OIDL)
- colonialism shaped cities
2. world-economics, political and cultural forces have been major factors to shaping cities
New International Division of Labor (Needke)
- replaced OIDL
- people are knit together by the thread of global specialization
- largest economic units globally were multinational companies, not national states.
Five Types of Cities (Logan & Molotch)
- Headquarters - corporate centers
- Innovation centers - research & development (electronics)
- Module production places - sites for routine economic tasks (assembly, processing)
- 3rd World entrepots - trade and finance centers for importing, marketing
- Retirement centers - growth for aging americans
- Leisure-tourist playgrounds - big business
5.
Alpha cities vs. Beta cities
Alpha - command/headquarter cities: New York, London, Paris and Tokyo
Beta - world cities with high levels of advanced producer services like advertising, banking, finance - San Francisco, Madrid, Sydney
What are communities?
- group sharing a physical space, trait or identity & culture typified by a high degree of social cohesion
- sometimes called a traditional community
We-Ness Community
Sense of shared identity and interdependence
What is a traditional community?
Inhabit a common physical space & accept the group’s rules and goals
Ethnic or Religious Community
shared ethnic or religions beliefs
Occupational Community
Engage in activities that give rise to share culture, attitude and values in urban society
- lawyer
- nurse
Professional community (group)
- members of group
- few leave profession
- share jargon not understood by outsiders
- share values
- collectively produce next generation
- easily tell from outsiders in professional community
- membership has same requirements for all members
- professional group has power over members
Non-occupational community
- Religious, ethnic, political
- can be a community if they meet the 8 criteria of professional group
- AA or sororities
Subculture
share same cultural elements of the dominant culture but have own symbols, beliefs and values
Counterculture
Subcommunities whose beliefs, symbols, attitudes, values oppose those of the dominant culture
Collectives
Established on the basis of common ends
- non-kin groups like doctors
Web Communities
facebook, twitter
Polis of Athens
- independent
- economically self-sufficient, small-scale political unit
- not much like a modern nation-state, and it was much more than a city
Cosmopolis
One who identification and involvement are with a larger social universe than the local community
Gemeinschaft (Ferdinand Tommies)
- quality describing some close knit religious, occupational, ethnic and common interest groups
- social organizations, people are bound together by common values, sacred traditions and blood ties
- share physical territory, experience and thoughts
- Amish
- Hasidic Jews
Gesellshaft (Ferdinand Tommies)
- form of social organizations that accompanied the rise of
Industrialism, capitalism, and cities - lack of close-knit family and friendship ties
Mechanical solidarity
based on similar values, traditions, kinship and simple division of labor
Organic solidarity
- based on a complex division of labor requiring cooperation among heterogeneous people
- similar to the human body, in which specialized organs have to function independently if the entire organism is to survive
Typologies
- models of the real world
- ideal types
- composed of two or more ideal types that can be used to describe, compare and test hypotheses, such as the rural and urban types of society
Western Europe: Rural to Urban
- French Revolution
2. Industrial Revolution
Wald Spingler “The Decline of the West”
- he celebrates the triumph of the will and intuition over reason, and intellect, glorifying the notion of destiny and denigrating social science.
- draws contract between country and city
- country is home of all things bring and beautiful
- city is a dead, mechanical shell, the home of civilization
Lewis Wirth
- School of sociology in Chicago
- concerned with the social psychology of modern city dwellers
- asked “is there an urban personality?”
Definition of Urbanism
Patterns of social interaction and culture that result from the concentration of large numbers of people in small areas
Definition of a City
Large, dense settlements with heterogeneous populations
- 3 variables
- large size
- high density
- heterogeneity
Gideon Sjoberg
- His typology contrasts two city types: preindustrial and industrial
- deal with societies not cities
- technology dictates social, political and ecological organization
- Industrial: centralized economic organization, flexible kinship system, mass education & communication
- Preindustrial: requires face to face communication, rigid social differentiation by age and gender, informal social controls based on religion
- p
Techno$chaft
New form of social, spatial, end economic organization based on information
George M. Foster
- Questions the assumption that urban and rural modes of life are fundamentally different
- peasant societies see good life as finite and nonexpandable at the price of others
- extreme individualism is chosen over cooperation in preserving security
Convergence theory
macro-level social theory that predicts that, over time, advanced industrial societies will develop similar traits despite their cultural or ideological differences in order to fulfill similar functions
Levels of Analysis
- broad sweep of change from rural to urban society
- focused on entire social system in their analysis of urbanization
- used entire city for analysis
- argued that neither entire social systems nor the city as a whole are proper units for studying social life
Theoretical orientations
- many pay little attention to cross-cultural differences in analysis of modern urban life
- think technological and economic imperatives will render cultural differences insignificant
Attitudes towards progress
- industrial civilization distored human nature and led to the loss of contact with the earth
- people could only flower in small communities bound by ties of vision and service
Massification Thesis
- rural people in advanced industrial societies become indistinguishable from their city cousins
- mass media, mass education and other influences break down rural isolation and diffuse urban culture
Global Culture/Consumption thesis
- internationalization of culture and consumption patterns tends to homogenize cultures, tearing down national boundaries
