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BIO160 > Chapter 5 after page 158 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 after page 158 Flashcards

1
Q

Appendicular skeleton is composed of

A

126 bones of the limbs and the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles

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2
Q

Shoulder grindle or pectrol girdle consists of what two bones?

A

Clavicle and a scapula

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3
Q

Clavicle

A

Doubly curved bone
helps to form the shoulder joint
Acts as a brace to hold the arm away from the top of the thorax
Prevents shoulder dislocation

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4
Q

Scapular or shoulder blades

A

Triangular

“Wings”

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5
Q

What are the 2 processes of scapula

A

Acromion- Its the enlarged end of the spine of the scapula.

Coracoid- Beaklike

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6
Q

Where does the acromion connect with the clavicle?

A

Acromioclavicular Joint

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7
Q

Suprascapular notch

A

Medial to the coracoid process

Serves as a nerve passageway

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8
Q

Scapula

A

Not directly attached to the axial skeleton
Loosely held in place by trunk muscles
Has 3 borders: Superior, Medial (Vertebral) and Lateral (axillary).
Has 3 angles: Superior, Inferior and Lateral

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9
Q

Gleniod Cavity

A

A shallow socket that receives the head of the arm bone, is in the lateral angle

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10
Q

How many separate bones for the skeletal framework of the each upper limb? Form the foundation for what?

A

30.

Arm, forearm and hand

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11
Q

The arm is formed by a single bone called?

A

Humerus

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12
Q

The sites of muscles attachments

A

greater and lesser tubercles

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13
Q

Distal to the tubercles is

A

surgical neck

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14
Q

Why is it named surgical neck?

A

because it is the most frequent fractured part of the humerus

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15
Q

In the midpoint of the shaft is a roughened area called

A

Deltoid tuberosity

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16
Q

What runs obliquely down the posterior aspect of the shaft?

A

Radial groove, marks the course of the radial nerve, an important nerve of the upper limb

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17
Q

Distal to humerus is:

Lateral:

A

medial trochlea, looks like a spoon

capitulum

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18
Q

Above trochlea anterior is a depression:

On the posterior:

A

Coronoid fossa

Olecranon fossa

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19
Q

Coronoid fussa and Olecranon fussa and flanked by

A

medial and lateral epicondyles.

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20
Q

What forms the skeleton of the forearm

A

the radius and ulna

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21
Q

Radius and ulna are connected along their entire length by?

At their distal end?

A

interosseous membrane

Styloid process

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22
Q

Below the head is

A

Radial tuberosity, where the tendon of the biceps muscle attaches

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23
Q

when the upper limb is in the anatomical position the ulna is the

A

Medial bone

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24
Q

Osteroporosis

A

Bone thinning disease that afflicts half of women over 65 and some 20% of men over the age of 70.

Makes bones so fragile

Bones of spine and neck of the femur are susceptible.

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25
Q

What results in vertebral collapse

A

A hunched over posture (kyphosis)

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26
Q

What helps to maintain the health and normal density of a woman’s skeleton

A

Estrogen

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27
Q

Menopause

A

Change of life, when menstruation ceases!

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28
Q

Proximal end of ulna are the anterior

posterior

A

coronoid process

olecranon

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29
Q

coronoid process and olecranon are separated by

A

trochlear notch

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30
Q

the skeleton of the hand consists of

A

Carpals, Metacarpals and phalanges

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31
Q

How many carpal bones are there?

A

8

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32
Q

carpus (wrist)

A

8 carpal bones, arranged in 2 irregular rows of 4 bones each, form the part called carpus

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33
Q

The palm of the hand consists of the

A

Metacarpals

knuckles

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34
Q

The bones of the finger

A

Phalanges

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35
Q

Each hand consists of how many phalanges

A

14

3 on each finger(proximal, middle, distal). except on the thumb

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36
Q

How is pelvic girdle formed?

A

it is formed by 2 coxal bones and ossa coxae, also called hip bones and sacrum

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37
Q

How is bony pelvic formed?

A

With coccyx, the pelvic girdle forms the pelvis.

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38
Q

Most important function of pelvic girdle

A

bearing weight because the total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis

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39
Q

Each hip bone is formed by the fusions of what 3 bones?

A

ilium, ischium and pubis

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40
Q

illium connects posteriorly with the sacrum at the

A

sacroiliac joint

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41
Q

sacroiliac joint

A

a large flaring bone that forms most of the hip bone

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42
Q

When you put your hands on your hips, they are resting over the

A

alae or wing like portions

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43
Q

The upper edge of the ala

A

iliac crest (an important anatomical landmark that is always kept in mind by those who give intramuscular injections)

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44
Q

iliac crest ends anteriorly in the

posteriorly in the

A

anterior superior iliac spine

posterior superior iliac spine

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45
Q

Ischium is called what and why?

A

sitdown bone because it forms the most of inferior part of the coxal bone.

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46
Q

Roughened area that receives body weight when you are sitting

A

ischial spine

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47
Q

ischial spine

A

Roughened area that receives body weight when you are sitting

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48
Q

important landmark in pregnant woman

A

ishchial spine, superior to the tubercity, because it narrows the outlet of the pelvis through which the baby must pass through during birth.

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49
Q

greater sciatic notch

A

important structural feature of the ischium

allows blood vessels and the large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh.

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50
Q

Injections in buttock should always be given well away from this area

A

greater sciatic notch

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51
Q

ilium, ishchium and pubis fuse at the deep socket called

A

acetabulum (vinegar cup)

receives the head of the thigh bone

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52
Q

acetabulum

A

ilium, ishchium and pubis fuse at the deep socket called

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53
Q

Pelvis is divided into 2 regions

A

False and True pelvis

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54
Q

False pelvis

A

Superior to true pelvis

Medial to the flaring portions of the ilia

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55
Q

True pelvis

A

surrounded by bone and lies inferior to the flaring parts of the ilia and the pelvic brim.

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56
Q

what part carries our total body weight when we are erect

A

Lower limbs (thigh, leg and foot)

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57
Q

The only bone in the thigh

A

Femur

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58
Q

Heaviest and the strongest bone in the body

A

Femur

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59
Q

The femur has a ball like head

A

neck, greater and lesser trochanters

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60
Q

Greater and lesser trochanters are seperated anteriorly by

A

intertrochanteric line

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61
Q

Greater and lesser trochanters are seperated posteriorly by

A

intertrochanteric crest

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62
Q

The neck of the femur is a common site for what?

A

fracture site, in old age

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63
Q

Distally on the femur are the

A

Lateral and medial condyles, which articulates with the tibia below

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64
Q

Posteriorly lateral and medial condyles are divided by intercondylar fossa

A

intercondylar fossa

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65
Q

Anteriorly on the distal femus is the smooth

A

patellar surface, which forms the a joint with the patella or kneecap

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66
Q

What form the skeleton of the leg

A

tibia and fibula

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67
Q

The patellar ligament attaches to the

A

tibial tuberosity

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68
Q

Distal to tibial tuberosity, a process form the inner bulge of the ankle

A

medial malleolus

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69
Q

medial malleolus

A

A process that forms the inner bulge of the ankle

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70
Q

Anterior border

A

anterior surface of the tibia. Unprotected by muscles. thus making it easy to feel the bone

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71
Q

anterior surface of the tibia. Unprotected by muscles. thus making it easy to feel the bone

A

Anterior border

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72
Q

what has no part in forming the knee joint

A

fibula

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73
Q

Distal to fibula, what forms the outer part of the ankle

A

lateral malleolus

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74
Q

lateral malleolus

A

forms the outer part of the ankle

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75
Q

Foot is composed of

A

tarsals, metatarsals and phangales

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76
Q

2 important functions of foot

A

supports our body weight

serves as a lever that allows us to propel our bodies forward when we walk and run.

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77
Q

posterior half of the foot

A

tarsus

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78
Q

tarsus

A

posterior half of the foot

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79
Q

tarsus is composed of how many tarsal bones

A

7

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80
Q

Body weight is carried mostly by the two largest tarsals

A

calcaneus (heelbone)

talus (ankle)

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81
Q

where does talus lie?

A

Between tibia and calcaneus

82
Q

what forms the sole of the foot

A

metatarsals

83
Q

metatarsals form the what

A

the sole of the foot

84
Q

14 Phalanges form the

A

toes

85
Q

what forms the toe

A

Phalanges (14)

86
Q

Bones in the foot are arranged to form 3 strong arches

A

2 longitudinal (medial and lateral) and one transverse

87
Q

wht binds the bone together?

A

Ligaments bind the foot bones together and tendons of the foot muscles help to hold the bones firmly in the arched position

88
Q

Weak arches are referred to as

A

fallen arches or flat foot

89
Q

Every bone in the body forms a joint except for one

A

Hyoid bone of the neck

90
Q

another word for joints

A

articulations

91
Q

joints are classified into 2 ways

A

functional (the amount of movements the joint allows)

structural

92
Q

synarthroses

A

Immovable joints

93
Q

amphiarthroses

A

Slightly movable joints

94
Q

diarthroses

A

freely movable joints

95
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Bones united by fibrous tissue

Ex sutures of the skull

96
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

the bones end are connected by fibrocartilage

slightly movable

97
Q

synovial joint

A

joints in which the articulating bone ends are seperated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

98
Q

bursae

A

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synvial membrane and containing a thin film of synvial fuild

99
Q

what is common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons or bones rub together

A

Bursae

100
Q

tendon sheath

A

is essentially an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction, like a bun around a hot dog.

101
Q

reduction

A

the process of returning the bone to its proper position

102
Q

What determines what movements are allows at a joint

A

the shape of the articulating bone surfaces

103
Q

based on such shapes, synovial can be classified as

A 
plane joint
hinge joint
pivot joint
condylar joint
saddle joint
ball and socket joint
104
Q

crepittus

A

cracking noise

105
Q

OA

A

chronic degenerative condition that affects the aged

106
Q

RA

A

chronic inflammatory disorder

affects 3 times as many women as men

107
Q

autoimmune disease

A

a disorder in which the body’s immune system attempts to destroy its own tissues

108
Q

gouty arthritis or gout

A

disease in which uric acid accumulates in the blood

common in men

109
Q

pathologic factures

A

breaks that occur spontaneously without apparent injury

110
Q

Sternoclavicular joint

A

Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point

111
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration. its driving force is kinetic energy

112
Q

diffusion of particles into and out of the cells is modified by

A

plasma membrame

113
Q

simple diffusion

A

the diffusion of solutes (particles dissolved in water) through a semipermeable membrane

114
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

115
Q

cell’s life cycle

A

Interphase and cell division

116
Q

cell division in all cells other than bacteria consists of a series ofe vents collectively called

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

117
Q

stages of mitosis

A 
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinese
118
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

the centroiles separates from one another and direct the assembly of a system of microtubules between them

119
Q

the nuclear membrane and the nucleolus break down and disappear where?

A

Prophase

120
Q

WHat happenes in metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up along the central plane or equator of the spindle

121
Q

what happenes during anaphase

A

centrosomes split, v shape, move toward the opposite ends of the cell.

122
Q

Anaphase is complete when

A

poleward mvement ceases

123
Q

what happenes during telophase

A

events of prophase are reversed

124
Q

what happens during cytokinesis

A

beginds in late anaphase and comtinues through telophase.

cleavage furrow

125
Q

Major site of most activities carried out by the cell

A

cytoplasm

126
Q

fluid part of cytoplasm

A

cytosol

127
Q

metabolic machinery of the cell

A

organelles

128
Q

inclusions

A

not part of the active metabolic machinery

129
Q

cytoplasmic organells

A 
Ribosomes
ER
Golgi app
lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Centrioles
Cytoskeletal elements
130
Q

Ribosomes

A

spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein.
actual sites of protein synthesis
floating free or attached to a membrane

131
Q

ER

A

membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm

132
Q

rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes

133
Q

function of rough ER

A

storage and transport of proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas

134
Q

smooth ER

A

a site for steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism and drug detoxification

135
Q

where does no protein synthesis occur

A

smooth ER

136
Q

Golgi app

A

found close to nucleous
plays a role in packing proteins or other substances for export from the cell
packing lysosomes enzymes

137
Q

Lysosomes

A

contains digestive enzymes

act to digest worn out cell organells and foreign substances

138
Q

Peroxisomes

A

small lysosome like membrane sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and other harmful chemicals

139
Q

Mitochondria

A

rod shaped bodies with a double membrane wall
ATP
powerhouse of the cell

140
Q

Centroiles

A

paired, cylindrical bodies lie at right angles to each other

direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

141
Q

form the bases of cilia and flagella

A

centrioles

142
Q

the nucleus is bound by a double layered porouss membrane called

A

nuclear membrane

143
Q

the nucleous also contains one or more small round bodies called

A

nucleoli

144
Q

assembly site for ribosomes

A

nucleoli

145
Q

What is the name of the membrane that lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior?

A

mucous

146
Q

What happens to keratinocytes as they move to the surface?

A

They eventually die and are sloughed off.

147
Q

What is the name of cells located at the epidermal-dermal junction that are associated with nerve endings and serve as touch receptors?

A

Merkel cells

148
Q

sudoriferous glands

A

sweat glands

149
Q

What type of gland is responsible for keeping hair soft and pliable?

A

Sebaceous gland

150
Q

Which of the following is a correct statement about bones classified in the appendicular skeleton?

A

They include the pelvic girdle and limbs.

151
Q

The bones of the pelvis are classified as what type of bones?

A

irregular

152
Q

In adults, red marrow is predominately found in which of the following?

A

In the spongy bone of flat bones

153
Q

What is the last stage of bone repair?

A

remodelling

154
Q

Blood vessels travel throughout compact bone in what structures?

A

Haversian canals

155
Q

The foramen magnum is located in what bone?

A

Occipital bone

156
Q

blood vessels of the skin located?

A

reticular dermis only

157
Q

what layer of epidermis is only present in thick skin?

A

Lucidum

158
Q

where are collagen fibers found?

A

Reticular dermis

159
Q

Fingerlike projections protrude into epidermis

A

dermal pappilae

160
Q

pain and touch receptor

A

free nerve endings

161
Q

important in altering and activating immune system cells to a threat

A

epidermal dendritic cells

162
Q

deepest skill player

A

reticular layer

163
Q

plays a role in maintaining body temperature homeostasis

A

dermis

164
Q

skin appendages

A

hair, nails and glands are derived from epidermis

165
Q

sebaceous gland’s other name?

A

oil gland

166
Q

sebaceous gland is not located where?

A

palms and soles of feet

167
Q

location of hair follicle

A

slant epidermis

168
Q

whats common in hair shaft and epidermis

A

dead kerotinocytes

169
Q

white crecent

A

lunule

170
Q

what is responsible for most of the specialized functions of the membrane

A

proteins scattered in the lipid bilayer

171
Q

because of their presence the cell surface is a fuzzy, sticky, sugar rich area

A

glycocalyx

172
Q

gap junctions are commonly seen in

A

heart and between embryonic cells

173
Q

main function of gap junctions

A

communication

174
Q

in gap junctions the neighboring cells are connected by hollow cylinders composed of proteins called

A

connexons

175
Q

what can pass directly through the water filed connexon channels from one cell to another

A

nutrients and ions

176
Q

factory area of the cell?

A

cytoplasm

177
Q

specialized cellular compartments

A

cytoplasmic organelles

178
Q

function of cytoplasmic organelles

A

maintain life of the cells

179
Q

cell’s bone and muscle

A

cytoskeleton

180
Q

involved in cell mobility and in producing changes in cell shape

A

microfilaments

181
Q

determines the overall shape of a cell and distribution of organelles

A

microtubules

182
Q

move substances across the cell surface

A

cilia

183
Q

if the projections formed by the centroiles are substantially longer, they are called

A

flagella

184
Q

the only example of a flagellated cell in human body is

A

sperm

185
Q

cells that connect body parts

A

Fibroblast

Erythrocyte

186
Q

Fibroblast

A

enlongated shape of this cell lies along the cable like fibers it secrets
abundant rough ER and golgi app

187
Q

Erythrocyte

A

red blood cell

carries oxygen in the bloodstream

188
Q

cell that covers and lines body organs

A

epithelial cell

189
Q

epithelial cells has what to resist tearing when rubbed or pulled

A

epithelial filaments

190
Q

cells that move organs and body parts

A

skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells

191
Q

cells that fights disease

A

Macrophage (a phagotic cell)

192
Q

cells of reproduction

A

Oocyte

sperm

193
Q

largest cell in the body

A

OOcyte

194
Q

transport that involves help from ATP, moves substances into or out of cell without their actual crossing the plasma membrane

A

vesicular transport

195
Q

exocytosis

A

moves substances out of the cell

196
Q

a small membrane sac

A

vesicle

197
Q

endocytosis

A

into the cell

198
Q

What is the formation of a small pocket around a liquid substance by the plasma membrane?

A

pinocytosis

199
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating

200
Q

2 major types of glands develop from epithelial sheets

A

endocrine and exocrine

201
Q

types of muscle tissues

A

skeletal , cardiac and smooth

BIO160 (1 decks)

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