Chapter 5 after page 158 Flashcards
1
Q
Appendicular skeleton is composed of
A
126 bones of the limbs and the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles
2
Q
Shoulder grindle or pectrol girdle consists of what two bones?
A
Clavicle and a scapula
3
Q
Clavicle
A
Doubly curved bone
helps to form the shoulder joint
Acts as a brace to hold the arm away from the top of the thorax
Prevents shoulder dislocation
4
Q
Scapular or shoulder blades
A
Triangular
“Wings”
5
Q
What are the 2 processes of scapula
A
Acromion- Its the enlarged end of the spine of the scapula.
Coracoid- Beaklike
6
Q
Where does the acromion connect with the clavicle?
A
Acromioclavicular Joint
7
Q
Suprascapular notch
A
Medial to the coracoid process
Serves as a nerve passageway
8
Q
Scapula
A
Not directly attached to the axial skeleton
Loosely held in place by trunk muscles
Has 3 borders: Superior, Medial (Vertebral) and Lateral (axillary).
Has 3 angles: Superior, Inferior and Lateral
9
Q
Gleniod Cavity
A
A shallow socket that receives the head of the arm bone, is in the lateral angle
10
Q
How many separate bones for the skeletal framework of the each upper limb? Form the foundation for what?
A
30.
Arm, forearm and hand
11
Q
The arm is formed by a single bone called?
A
Humerus
12
Q
The sites of muscles attachments
A
greater and lesser tubercles
13
Q
Distal to the tubercles is
A
surgical neck
14
Q
Why is it named surgical neck?
A
because it is the most frequent fractured part of the humerus
15
Q
In the midpoint of the shaft is a roughened area called
A
Deltoid tuberosity
16
Q
What runs obliquely down the posterior aspect of the shaft?
A
Radial groove, marks the course of the radial nerve, an important nerve of the upper limb
17
Q
Distal to humerus is:
Lateral:
A
medial trochlea, looks like a spoon
capitulum
18
Q
Above trochlea anterior is a depression:
On the posterior:
A
Coronoid fossa
Olecranon fossa
19
Q
Coronoid fussa and Olecranon fussa and flanked by
A
medial and lateral epicondyles.
20
Q
What forms the skeleton of the forearm
A
the radius and ulna
21
Q
Radius and ulna are connected along their entire length by?
At their distal end?
A
interosseous membrane
Styloid process
22
Q
Below the head is
A
Radial tuberosity, where the tendon of the biceps muscle attaches
23
Q
when the upper limb is in the anatomical position the ulna is the
A
Medial bone
24
Q
Osteroporosis
A
Bone thinning disease that afflicts half of women over 65 and some 20% of men over the age of 70.
Makes bones so fragile
Bones of spine and neck of the femur are susceptible.
25
What results in vertebral collapse
A hunched over posture (kyphosis)
26
What helps to maintain the health and normal density of a woman's skeleton
Estrogen
27
Menopause
Change of life, when menstruation ceases!
28
Proximal end of ulna are the anterior
| posterior
coronoid process
| olecranon
29
coronoid process and olecranon are separated by
trochlear notch
30
the skeleton of the hand consists of
Carpals, Metacarpals and phalanges
31
How many carpal bones are there?
8
32
carpus (wrist)
8 carpal bones, arranged in 2 irregular rows of 4 bones each, form the part called carpus
33
The palm of the hand consists of the
Metacarpals
| knuckles
34
The bones of the finger
Phalanges
35
Each hand consists of how many phalanges
14
| 3 on each finger(proximal, middle, distal). except on the thumb
36
How is pelvic girdle formed?
it is formed by 2 coxal bones and ossa coxae, also called hip bones and sacrum
37
How is bony pelvic formed?
With coccyx, the pelvic girdle forms the pelvis.
38
Most important function of pelvic girdle
bearing weight because the total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
39
Each hip bone is formed by the fusions of what 3 bones?
ilium, ischium and pubis
40
illium connects posteriorly with the sacrum at the
sacroiliac joint
41
sacroiliac joint
a large flaring bone that forms most of the hip bone
42
When you put your hands on your hips, they are resting over the
alae or wing like portions
43
The upper edge of the ala
iliac crest (an important anatomical landmark that is always kept in mind by those who give intramuscular injections)
44
iliac crest ends anteriorly in the
| posteriorly in the
anterior superior iliac spine
| posterior superior iliac spine
45
Ischium is called what and why?
sitdown bone because it forms the most of inferior part of the coxal bone.
46
Roughened area that receives body weight when you are sitting
ischial spine
47
ischial spine
Roughened area that receives body weight when you are sitting
48
important landmark in pregnant woman
ishchial spine, superior to the tubercity, because it narrows the outlet of the pelvis through which the baby must pass through during birth.
49
greater sciatic notch
important structural feature of the ischium
| allows blood vessels and the large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh.
50
Injections in buttock should always be given well away from this area
greater sciatic notch
51
ilium, ishchium and pubis fuse at the deep socket called
acetabulum (vinegar cup)
| receives the head of the thigh bone
52
acetabulum
ilium, ishchium and pubis fuse at the deep socket called
53
Pelvis is divided into 2 regions
False and True pelvis
54
False pelvis
Superior to true pelvis
| Medial to the flaring portions of the ilia
55
True pelvis
surrounded by bone and lies inferior to the flaring parts of the ilia and the pelvic brim.
56
what part carries our total body weight when we are erect
Lower limbs (thigh, leg and foot)
57
The only bone in the thigh
Femur
58
Heaviest and the strongest bone in the body
Femur
59
The femur has a ball like head
neck, greater and lesser trochanters
60
Greater and lesser trochanters are seperated anteriorly by
intertrochanteric line
61
Greater and lesser trochanters are seperated posteriorly by
intertrochanteric crest
62
The neck of the femur is a common site for what?
fracture site, in old age
63
Distally on the femur are the
Lateral and medial condyles, which articulates with the tibia below
64
Posteriorly lateral and medial condyles are divided by intercondylar fossa
intercondylar fossa
65
Anteriorly on the distal femus is the smooth
patellar surface, which forms the a joint with the patella or kneecap
66
What form the skeleton of the leg
tibia and fibula
67
The patellar ligament attaches to the
tibial tuberosity
68
Distal to tibial tuberosity, a process form the inner bulge of the ankle
medial malleolus
69
medial malleolus
A process that forms the inner bulge of the ankle
70
Anterior border
anterior surface of the tibia. Unprotected by muscles. thus making it easy to feel the bone
71
anterior surface of the tibia. Unprotected by muscles. thus making it easy to feel the bone
Anterior border
72
what has no part in forming the knee joint
fibula
73
Distal to fibula, what forms the outer part of the ankle
lateral malleolus
74
lateral malleolus
forms the outer part of the ankle
75
Foot is composed of
tarsals, metatarsals and phangales
76
2 important functions of foot
supports our body weight
| serves as a lever that allows us to propel our bodies forward when we walk and run.
77
posterior half of the foot
tarsus
78
tarsus
posterior half of the foot
79
tarsus is composed of how many tarsal bones
7
80
Body weight is carried mostly by the two largest tarsals
calcaneus (heelbone)
| talus (ankle)
81
where does talus lie?
Between tibia and calcaneus
82
what forms the sole of the foot
metatarsals
83
metatarsals form the what
the sole of the foot
84
14 Phalanges form the
toes
85
what forms the toe
Phalanges (14)
86
Bones in the foot are arranged to form 3 strong arches
2 longitudinal (medial and lateral) and one transverse
87
wht binds the bone together?
Ligaments bind the foot bones together and tendons of the foot muscles help to hold the bones firmly in the arched position
88
Weak arches are referred to as
fallen arches or flat foot
89
Every bone in the body forms a joint except for one
Hyoid bone of the neck
90
another word for joints
articulations
91
joints are classified into 2 ways
functional (the amount of movements the joint allows)
| structural
92
synarthroses
Immovable joints
93
amphiarthroses
Slightly movable joints
94
diarthroses
freely movable joints
95
Fibrous joints
Bones united by fibrous tissue
| Ex sutures of the skull
96
cartilaginous joints
the bones end are connected by fibrocartilage
| slightly movable
97
synovial joint
joints in which the articulating bone ends are seperated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
98
bursae
flattened fibrous sacs lined with synvial membrane and containing a thin film of synvial fuild
99
what is common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons or bones rub together
Bursae
100
tendon sheath
is essentially an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction, like a bun around a hot dog.
101
reduction
the process of returning the bone to its proper position
102
What determines what movements are allows at a joint
the shape of the articulating bone surfaces
103
based on such shapes, synovial can be classified as
```
plane joint
hinge joint
pivot joint
condylar joint
saddle joint
ball and socket joint
```
104
crepittus
cracking noise
105
OA
chronic degenerative condition that affects the aged
106
RA
chronic inflammatory disorder
| affects 3 times as many women as men
107
autoimmune disease
a disorder in which the body's immune system attempts to destroy its own tissues
108
gouty arthritis or gout
disease in which uric acid accumulates in the blood
| common in men
109
pathologic factures
breaks that occur spontaneously without apparent injury
110
Sternoclavicular joint
Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point
111
Diffusion
the movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration. its driving force is kinetic energy
112
diffusion of particles into and out of the cells is modified by
plasma membrame
113
simple diffusion
the diffusion of solutes (particles dissolved in water) through a semipermeable membrane
114
osmosis
diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
115
cell's life cycle
Interphase and cell division
116
cell division in all cells other than bacteria consists of a series ofe vents collectively called
Mitosis and cytokinesis
117
stages of mitosis
```
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinese
```
118
Mitotic spindle
the centroiles separates from one another and direct the assembly of a system of microtubules between them
119
the nuclear membrane and the nucleolus break down and disappear where?
Prophase
120
WHat happenes in metaphase?
chromosomes line up along the central plane or equator of the spindle
121
what happenes during anaphase
centrosomes split, v shape, move toward the opposite ends of the cell.
122
Anaphase is complete when
poleward mvement ceases
123
what happenes during telophase
events of prophase are reversed
124
what happens during cytokinesis
beginds in late anaphase and comtinues through telophase.
| cleavage furrow
125
Major site of most activities carried out by the cell
cytoplasm
126
fluid part of cytoplasm
cytosol
127
metabolic machinery of the cell
organelles
128
inclusions
not part of the active metabolic machinery
129
cytoplasmic organells
```
Ribosomes
ER
Golgi app
lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Centrioles
Cytoskeletal elements
```
130
Ribosomes
spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein.
actual sites of protein synthesis
floating free or attached to a membrane
131
ER
membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm
132
rough ER
studded with ribosomes
133
function of rough ER
storage and transport of proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas
134
smooth ER
a site for steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism and drug detoxification
135
where does no protein synthesis occur
smooth ER
136
Golgi app
found close to nucleous
plays a role in packing proteins or other substances for export from the cell
packing lysosomes enzymes
137
Lysosomes
contains digestive enzymes
| act to digest worn out cell organells and foreign substances
138
Peroxisomes
small lysosome like membrane sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and other harmful chemicals
139
Mitochondria
rod shaped bodies with a double membrane wall
ATP
powerhouse of the cell
140
Centroiles
paired, cylindrical bodies lie at right angles to each other
| direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division
141
form the bases of cilia and flagella
centrioles
142
the nucleus is bound by a double layered porouss membrane called
nuclear membrane
143
the nucleous also contains one or more small round bodies called
nucleoli
144
assembly site for ribosomes
nucleoli
145
What is the name of the membrane that lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior?
mucous
146
What happens to keratinocytes as they move to the surface?
They eventually die and are sloughed off.
147
What is the name of cells located at the epidermal-dermal junction that are associated with nerve endings and serve as touch receptors?
Merkel cells
148
sudoriferous glands
sweat glands
149
What type of gland is responsible for keeping hair soft and pliable?
Sebaceous gland
150
Which of the following is a correct statement about bones classified in the appendicular skeleton?
They include the pelvic girdle and limbs.
151
The bones of the pelvis are classified as what type of bones?
irregular
152
In adults, red marrow is predominately found in which of the following?
In the spongy bone of flat bones
153
What is the last stage of bone repair?
remodelling
154
Blood vessels travel throughout compact bone in what structures?
Haversian canals
155
The foramen magnum is located in what bone?
Occipital bone
156
blood vessels of the skin located?
reticular dermis only
157
what layer of epidermis is only present in thick skin?
Lucidum
158
where are collagen fibers found?
Reticular dermis
159
Fingerlike projections protrude into epidermis
dermal pappilae
160
pain and touch receptor
free nerve endings
161
important in altering and activating immune system cells to a threat
epidermal dendritic cells
162
deepest skill player
reticular layer
163
plays a role in maintaining body temperature homeostasis
dermis
164
skin appendages
hair, nails and glands are derived from epidermis
165
sebaceous gland's other name?
oil gland
166
sebaceous gland is not located where?
palms and soles of feet
167
location of hair follicle
slant epidermis
168
whats common in hair shaft and epidermis
dead kerotinocytes
169
white crecent
lunule
170
what is responsible for most of the specialized functions of the membrane
proteins scattered in the lipid bilayer
171
because of their presence the cell surface is a fuzzy, sticky, sugar rich area
glycocalyx
172
gap junctions are commonly seen in
heart and between embryonic cells
173
main function of gap junctions
communication
174
in gap junctions the neighboring cells are connected by hollow cylinders composed of proteins called
connexons
175
what can pass directly through the water filed connexon channels from one cell to another
nutrients and ions
176
factory area of the cell?
cytoplasm
177
specialized cellular compartments
cytoplasmic organelles
178
function of cytoplasmic organelles
maintain life of the cells
179
cell's bone and muscle
cytoskeleton
180
involved in cell mobility and in producing changes in cell shape
microfilaments
181
determines the overall shape of a cell and distribution of organelles
microtubules
182
move substances across the cell surface
cilia
183
if the projections formed by the centroiles are substantially longer, they are called
flagella
184
the only example of a flagellated cell in human body is
sperm
185
cells that connect body parts
Fibroblast
| Erythrocyte
186
Fibroblast
enlongated shape of this cell lies along the cable like fibers it secrets
abundant rough ER and golgi app
187
Erythrocyte
red blood cell
| carries oxygen in the bloodstream
188
cell that covers and lines body organs
epithelial cell
189
epithelial cells has what to resist tearing when rubbed or pulled
epithelial filaments
190
cells that move organs and body parts
skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells
191
cells that fights disease
Macrophage (a phagotic cell)
192
cells of reproduction
Oocyte
| sperm
193
largest cell in the body
OOcyte
194
transport that involves help from ATP, moves substances into or out of cell without their actual crossing the plasma membrane
vesicular transport
195
exocytosis
moves substances out of the cell
196
a small membrane sac
vesicle
197
endocytosis
into the cell
198
What is the formation of a small pocket around a liquid substance by the plasma membrane?
pinocytosis
199
phagocytosis
cell eating
200
2 major types of glands develop from epithelial sheets
endocrine and exocrine
201
types of muscle tissues
skeletal , cardiac and smooth
