Chapter 5 after page 158 Flashcards
Appendicular skeleton is composed of
126 bones of the limbs and the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles
Shoulder grindle or pectrol girdle consists of what two bones?
Clavicle and a scapula
Clavicle
Doubly curved bone
helps to form the shoulder joint
Acts as a brace to hold the arm away from the top of the thorax
Prevents shoulder dislocation
Scapular or shoulder blades
Triangular
“Wings”
What are the 2 processes of scapula
Acromion- Its the enlarged end of the spine of the scapula.
Coracoid- Beaklike
Where does the acromion connect with the clavicle?
Acromioclavicular Joint
Suprascapular notch
Medial to the coracoid process
Serves as a nerve passageway
Scapula
Not directly attached to the axial skeleton
Loosely held in place by trunk muscles
Has 3 borders: Superior, Medial (Vertebral) and Lateral (axillary).
Has 3 angles: Superior, Inferior and Lateral
Gleniod Cavity
A shallow socket that receives the head of the arm bone, is in the lateral angle
How many separate bones for the skeletal framework of the each upper limb? Form the foundation for what?
30.
Arm, forearm and hand
The arm is formed by a single bone called?
Humerus
The sites of muscles attachments
greater and lesser tubercles
Distal to the tubercles is
surgical neck
Why is it named surgical neck?
because it is the most frequent fractured part of the humerus
In the midpoint of the shaft is a roughened area called
Deltoid tuberosity
What runs obliquely down the posterior aspect of the shaft?
Radial groove, marks the course of the radial nerve, an important nerve of the upper limb
Distal to humerus is:
Lateral:
medial trochlea, looks like a spoon
capitulum
Above trochlea anterior is a depression:
On the posterior:
Coronoid fossa
Olecranon fossa
Coronoid fussa and Olecranon fussa and flanked by
medial and lateral epicondyles.
What forms the skeleton of the forearm
the radius and ulna
Radius and ulna are connected along their entire length by?
At their distal end?
interosseous membrane
Styloid process
Below the head is
Radial tuberosity, where the tendon of the biceps muscle attaches
when the upper limb is in the anatomical position the ulna is the
Medial bone
Osteroporosis
Bone thinning disease that afflicts half of women over 65 and some 20% of men over the age of 70.
Makes bones so fragile
Bones of spine and neck of the femur are susceptible.
What results in vertebral collapse
A hunched over posture (kyphosis)
What helps to maintain the health and normal density of a woman’s skeleton
Estrogen
Menopause
Change of life, when menstruation ceases!
Proximal end of ulna are the anterior
posterior
coronoid process
olecranon
coronoid process and olecranon are separated by
trochlear notch
the skeleton of the hand consists of
Carpals, Metacarpals and phalanges
How many carpal bones are there?
8
carpus (wrist)
8 carpal bones, arranged in 2 irregular rows of 4 bones each, form the part called carpus
The palm of the hand consists of the
Metacarpals
knuckles
The bones of the finger
Phalanges
Each hand consists of how many phalanges
14
3 on each finger(proximal, middle, distal). except on the thumb
How is pelvic girdle formed?
it is formed by 2 coxal bones and ossa coxae, also called hip bones and sacrum
How is bony pelvic formed?
With coccyx, the pelvic girdle forms the pelvis.
Most important function of pelvic girdle
bearing weight because the total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
Each hip bone is formed by the fusions of what 3 bones?
ilium, ischium and pubis
illium connects posteriorly with the sacrum at the
sacroiliac joint
sacroiliac joint
a large flaring bone that forms most of the hip bone
When you put your hands on your hips, they are resting over the
alae or wing like portions
The upper edge of the ala
iliac crest (an important anatomical landmark that is always kept in mind by those who give intramuscular injections)
iliac crest ends anteriorly in the
posteriorly in the
anterior superior iliac spine
posterior superior iliac spine
Ischium is called what and why?
sitdown bone because it forms the most of inferior part of the coxal bone.
Roughened area that receives body weight when you are sitting
ischial spine
ischial spine
Roughened area that receives body weight when you are sitting
important landmark in pregnant woman
ishchial spine, superior to the tubercity, because it narrows the outlet of the pelvis through which the baby must pass through during birth.
greater sciatic notch
important structural feature of the ischium
allows blood vessels and the large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh.
Injections in buttock should always be given well away from this area
greater sciatic notch
ilium, ishchium and pubis fuse at the deep socket called
acetabulum (vinegar cup)
receives the head of the thigh bone
acetabulum
ilium, ishchium and pubis fuse at the deep socket called
Pelvis is divided into 2 regions
False and True pelvis
False pelvis
Superior to true pelvis
Medial to the flaring portions of the ilia
True pelvis
surrounded by bone and lies inferior to the flaring parts of the ilia and the pelvic brim.
what part carries our total body weight when we are erect
Lower limbs (thigh, leg and foot)
The only bone in the thigh
Femur
Heaviest and the strongest bone in the body
Femur
The femur has a ball like head
neck, greater and lesser trochanters
Greater and lesser trochanters are seperated anteriorly by
intertrochanteric line
Greater and lesser trochanters are seperated posteriorly by
intertrochanteric crest
The neck of the femur is a common site for what?
fracture site, in old age
Distally on the femur are the
Lateral and medial condyles, which articulates with the tibia below
Posteriorly lateral and medial condyles are divided by intercondylar fossa
intercondylar fossa
Anteriorly on the distal femus is the smooth
patellar surface, which forms the a joint with the patella or kneecap
What form the skeleton of the leg
tibia and fibula
The patellar ligament attaches to the
tibial tuberosity
Distal to tibial tuberosity, a process form the inner bulge of the ankle
medial malleolus
medial malleolus
A process that forms the inner bulge of the ankle
Anterior border
anterior surface of the tibia. Unprotected by muscles. thus making it easy to feel the bone
anterior surface of the tibia. Unprotected by muscles. thus making it easy to feel the bone
Anterior border
what has no part in forming the knee joint
fibula
Distal to fibula, what forms the outer part of the ankle
lateral malleolus
lateral malleolus
forms the outer part of the ankle
Foot is composed of
tarsals, metatarsals and phangales
2 important functions of foot
supports our body weight
serves as a lever that allows us to propel our bodies forward when we walk and run.
posterior half of the foot
tarsus
tarsus
posterior half of the foot
tarsus is composed of how many tarsal bones
7
Body weight is carried mostly by the two largest tarsals
calcaneus (heelbone)
talus (ankle)
where does talus lie?
Between tibia and calcaneus
what forms the sole of the foot
metatarsals
metatarsals form the what
the sole of the foot
14 Phalanges form the
toes
what forms the toe
Phalanges (14)
Bones in the foot are arranged to form 3 strong arches
2 longitudinal (medial and lateral) and one transverse
wht binds the bone together?
Ligaments bind the foot bones together and tendons of the foot muscles help to hold the bones firmly in the arched position
Weak arches are referred to as
fallen arches or flat foot
Every bone in the body forms a joint except for one
Hyoid bone of the neck
another word for joints
articulations
joints are classified into 2 ways
functional (the amount of movements the joint allows)
structural
synarthroses
Immovable joints
amphiarthroses
Slightly movable joints
diarthroses
freely movable joints
Fibrous joints
Bones united by fibrous tissue
Ex sutures of the skull
cartilaginous joints
the bones end are connected by fibrocartilage
slightly movable
synovial joint
joints in which the articulating bone ends are seperated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
bursae
flattened fibrous sacs lined with synvial membrane and containing a thin film of synvial fuild
what is common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons or bones rub together
Bursae
tendon sheath
is essentially an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction, like a bun around a hot dog.
reduction
the process of returning the bone to its proper position
What determines what movements are allows at a joint
the shape of the articulating bone surfaces
based on such shapes, synovial can be classified as
plane joint hinge joint pivot joint condylar joint saddle joint ball and socket joint
crepittus
cracking noise
OA
chronic degenerative condition that affects the aged
RA
chronic inflammatory disorder
affects 3 times as many women as men
autoimmune disease
a disorder in which the body’s immune system attempts to destroy its own tissues
gouty arthritis or gout
disease in which uric acid accumulates in the blood
common in men
pathologic factures
breaks that occur spontaneously without apparent injury
Sternoclavicular joint
Each shoulder girdle attaches to the axial skeleton at only one point
Diffusion
the movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration. its driving force is kinetic energy
diffusion of particles into and out of the cells is modified by
plasma membrame
simple diffusion
the diffusion of solutes (particles dissolved in water) through a semipermeable membrane
osmosis
diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
cell’s life cycle
Interphase and cell division
cell division in all cells other than bacteria consists of a series ofe vents collectively called
Mitosis and cytokinesis
stages of mitosis
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinese
Mitotic spindle
the centroiles separates from one another and direct the assembly of a system of microtubules between them
the nuclear membrane and the nucleolus break down and disappear where?
Prophase
WHat happenes in metaphase?
chromosomes line up along the central plane or equator of the spindle
what happenes during anaphase
centrosomes split, v shape, move toward the opposite ends of the cell.
Anaphase is complete when
poleward mvement ceases
what happenes during telophase
events of prophase are reversed
what happens during cytokinesis
beginds in late anaphase and comtinues through telophase.
cleavage furrow
Major site of most activities carried out by the cell
cytoplasm
fluid part of cytoplasm
cytosol
metabolic machinery of the cell
organelles
inclusions
not part of the active metabolic machinery
cytoplasmic organells
Ribosomes ER Golgi app lysosomes Peroxisomes Mitochondria Centrioles Cytoskeletal elements
Ribosomes
spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein.
actual sites of protein synthesis
floating free or attached to a membrane
ER
membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm
rough ER
studded with ribosomes
function of rough ER
storage and transport of proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas
smooth ER
a site for steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism and drug detoxification
where does no protein synthesis occur
smooth ER
Golgi app
found close to nucleous
plays a role in packing proteins or other substances for export from the cell
packing lysosomes enzymes
Lysosomes
contains digestive enzymes
act to digest worn out cell organells and foreign substances
Peroxisomes
small lysosome like membrane sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide and other harmful chemicals
Mitochondria
rod shaped bodies with a double membrane wall
ATP
powerhouse of the cell
Centroiles
paired, cylindrical bodies lie at right angles to each other
direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division
form the bases of cilia and flagella
centrioles
the nucleus is bound by a double layered porouss membrane called
nuclear membrane
the nucleous also contains one or more small round bodies called
nucleoli
assembly site for ribosomes
nucleoli
What is the name of the membrane that lines body cavities that are closed to the exterior?
mucous
What happens to keratinocytes as they move to the surface?
They eventually die and are sloughed off.
What is the name of cells located at the epidermal-dermal junction that are associated with nerve endings and serve as touch receptors?
Merkel cells
sudoriferous glands
sweat glands
What type of gland is responsible for keeping hair soft and pliable?
Sebaceous gland
Which of the following is a correct statement about bones classified in the appendicular skeleton?
They include the pelvic girdle and limbs.
The bones of the pelvis are classified as what type of bones?
irregular
In adults, red marrow is predominately found in which of the following?
In the spongy bone of flat bones
What is the last stage of bone repair?
remodelling
Blood vessels travel throughout compact bone in what structures?
Haversian canals
The foramen magnum is located in what bone?
Occipital bone
blood vessels of the skin located?
reticular dermis only
what layer of epidermis is only present in thick skin?
Lucidum
where are collagen fibers found?
Reticular dermis
Fingerlike projections protrude into epidermis
dermal pappilae
pain and touch receptor
free nerve endings
important in altering and activating immune system cells to a threat
epidermal dendritic cells
deepest skill player
reticular layer
plays a role in maintaining body temperature homeostasis
dermis
skin appendages
hair, nails and glands are derived from epidermis
sebaceous gland’s other name?
oil gland
sebaceous gland is not located where?
palms and soles of feet
location of hair follicle
slant epidermis
whats common in hair shaft and epidermis
dead kerotinocytes
white crecent
lunule
what is responsible for most of the specialized functions of the membrane
proteins scattered in the lipid bilayer
because of their presence the cell surface is a fuzzy, sticky, sugar rich area
glycocalyx
gap junctions are commonly seen in
heart and between embryonic cells
main function of gap junctions
communication
in gap junctions the neighboring cells are connected by hollow cylinders composed of proteins called
connexons
what can pass directly through the water filed connexon channels from one cell to another
nutrients and ions
factory area of the cell?
cytoplasm
specialized cellular compartments
cytoplasmic organelles
function of cytoplasmic organelles
maintain life of the cells
cell’s bone and muscle
cytoskeleton
involved in cell mobility and in producing changes in cell shape
microfilaments
determines the overall shape of a cell and distribution of organelles
microtubules
move substances across the cell surface
cilia
if the projections formed by the centroiles are substantially longer, they are called
flagella
the only example of a flagellated cell in human body is
sperm
cells that connect body parts
Fibroblast
Erythrocyte
Fibroblast
enlongated shape of this cell lies along the cable like fibers it secrets
abundant rough ER and golgi app
Erythrocyte
red blood cell
carries oxygen in the bloodstream
cell that covers and lines body organs
epithelial cell
epithelial cells has what to resist tearing when rubbed or pulled
epithelial filaments
cells that move organs and body parts
skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells
cells that fights disease
Macrophage (a phagotic cell)
cells of reproduction
Oocyte
sperm
largest cell in the body
OOcyte
transport that involves help from ATP, moves substances into or out of cell without their actual crossing the plasma membrane
vesicular transport
exocytosis
moves substances out of the cell
a small membrane sac
vesicle
endocytosis
into the cell
What is the formation of a small pocket around a liquid substance by the plasma membrane?
pinocytosis
phagocytosis
cell eating
2 major types of glands develop from epithelial sheets
endocrine and exocrine
types of muscle tissues
skeletal , cardiac and smooth
