Chapter 5 ABO and H Blood Group Systems and Secretor Status Flashcards
What is Landsteiner’s rule?
Healthy individuals possess ABO antibodies to the ABO blood group antigens absent from their RBCs.
What are ABO antigens made of?
Glycolipid (attached to ceramide) or glycoprotein.
Intrinsic to RBC membrane.
What cells or location in body can ABO antigens be found?
RBCs, lymphocytes, platelets, most epithelial cells and organs.
Soluble form MAY be found in body fluids (except CSF) - attached to carrier protein.
When are ABO antigens detectable in a human?
5-6 weeks in utero
How is a newborns antigens compare to an adult?
Newborns RBCs have fewer numbers and partially developed antigens. (~25-50% the # of an adult).
When does full expression of ABO antigens occur in a child?
2-4 years of age, then remains constant through a healthy life.
What genes influence the occurrence and location of ABO antigens?
ABO, H, Se,
Hence:
1. Presence or absence of the ABH antigens on the RBC membrane is controlled by the H gene.
2. Presence or absence of ABH antigens in secretions is influenced by the Se gene.
What does the ABO and H antigen genes do?
Produce specific glycosyltransferases, enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a chemical group from one molecule to another –> glycosyl group (in this case).
What is the H gene called?
FUT1
How common is the H gene?
99.99% have H (either as HH or Hh) on Chromosome 19.
What is the Se gene called and what are its alleles?
FUT2
Se and se alleles (se is an amorph)
How common is the Se gene?
80% of people have the Se Se or Se se genotype on Chromosome 19.
What chromosome are the ABO genes on?
ABO genes –> A, B, and O alleles (O is an amorph) on Chromosome 9.
What kind of sugar chain is the precursor structure for A, B and H antigens?
Oligosaccharide chain.
What does the H gene do?
- The H gene codes for a glucosyltransferase enzyme that transfers the immunodominant sugar, L-fucose, to the terminal sugar of the oligosaccharide chain (Type 2).
- The H antigen is the foundation for the A and/or B antigens a person has.
What gene codes for the transferase that adds N-acetylgalactosamine to the terminal sugar of the H antigen?
A gene
Gene Product:
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
(Draw a diagram of the A antigen).
What immunodominant sugar does the B gene attach to the terminal sugar of the H antigen?
D-galactose