Chapter 5 ABO and H Blood Group Systems and Secretor Status Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Landsteiner’s rule?

A

Healthy individuals possess ABO antibodies to the ABO blood group antigens absent from their RBCs.

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2
Q

What are ABO antigens made of?

A

Glycolipid (attached to ceramide) or glycoprotein.

Intrinsic to RBC membrane.

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3
Q

What cells or location in body can ABO antigens be found?

A

RBCs, lymphocytes, platelets, most epithelial cells and organs.

Soluble form MAY be found in body fluids (except CSF) - attached to carrier protein.

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4
Q

When are ABO antigens detectable in a human?

A

5-6 weeks in utero

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5
Q

How is a newborns antigens compare to an adult?

A

Newborns RBCs have fewer numbers and partially developed antigens. (~25-50% the # of an adult).

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6
Q

When does full expression of ABO antigens occur in a child?

A

2-4 years of age, then remains constant through a healthy life.

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7
Q

What genes influence the occurrence and location of ABO antigens?

A

ABO, H, Se,
Hence:
1. Presence or absence of the ABH antigens on the RBC membrane is controlled by the H gene.
2. Presence or absence of ABH antigens in secretions is influenced by the Se gene.

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8
Q

What does the ABO and H antigen genes do?

A

Produce specific glycosyltransferases, enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a chemical group from one molecule to another –> glycosyl group (in this case).

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9
Q

What is the H gene called?

A

FUT1

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10
Q

How common is the H gene?

A

99.99% have H (either as HH or Hh) on Chromosome 19.

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11
Q

What is the Se gene called and what are its alleles?

A

FUT2
Se and se alleles (se is an amorph)

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12
Q

How common is the Se gene?

A

80% of people have the Se Se or Se se genotype on Chromosome 19.

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13
Q

What chromosome are the ABO genes on?

A

ABO genes –> A, B, and O alleles (O is an amorph) on Chromosome 9.

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14
Q

What kind of sugar chain is the precursor structure for A, B and H antigens?

A

Oligosaccharide chain.

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15
Q

What does the H gene do?

A
  1. The H gene codes for a glucosyltransferase enzyme that transfers the immunodominant sugar, L-fucose, to the terminal sugar of the oligosaccharide chain (Type 2).
  2. The H antigen is the foundation for the A and/or B antigens a person has.
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16
Q

What gene codes for the transferase that adds N-acetylgalactosamine to the terminal sugar of the H antigen?

A

A gene
Gene Product:
N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase

(Draw a diagram of the A antigen).

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17
Q

What immunodominant sugar does the B gene attach to the terminal sugar of the H antigen?

A

D-galactose

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18
Q

Does the O gene have a transferase?

A

The “O” gene lacks a transferase therefore it cannot convert any H antigen.

19
Q

What blood group has the most H antigens and which one has the least?

A

Group O –> most
Group A1B –> Least

O>A2>B>A2B>A1>A1B

20
Q

How does the amount of antigen sites vary between A1, A2 and B gene expression?

A

Group A1 gene has the highest concentration of transferase.

Antigen sites per cell (million):
A1 - 0.8 to 1.2 million
B gene – 0.6 to 0.8 million
A2 ~ 0.25 million

21
Q

What AB type may be able to produce an H antibody?

A

A1B may have converted enough H antigen to either A or B that they may be able to produce an H antibody.

22
Q

What percentage of people out of the A and AB types are A1 versus A2?

A

80% of A or AB individuals are A1.
20% are A2 and A2B

23
Q

What antibody does A2 individual produce?

A

A2 Phenotype - produce anti-A1.
But only a small % of those people:
1-8% of A2 and ~35% of A2B will.

24
Q

How does A1 and A2 both react to anti-A reagent?

A

Strongly (3+ or 4+)

25
Q

How do you distinguish between A1 and A2 red cells?

A

Lectin Dolichos biflorus is used (anti-A1).

Agglutinates with A1 but not with A2.

26
Q

What is the purpose to use lectin Dolichos biflorus?

A

Its not needed for transfusion purposes but to solve typing discrepancies.

27
Q

What other rare subgroups are there for A antigen?

A

Aint, A3, Ax, Am, Aend, Ael, and Abantu
(subscripts after the A).

28
Q

When may a rare subgroup of A be suspected?

A

Rare subgroup of A may be present if:
1. Weak or non agglutination with commercial anti-A and anti-A,B occurs.
2. Anti-A1 is present.
3. Anti-H causes strong agglutination.

29
Q

Why is it important to identify subgroups?

A

If a weak subgroup is missed in a donor, the incorrect blood group could be given to a patient.

Example: If a A subgroup is classified as group O; the group O recipient receives the unit and has a transfusion reaction (i.e. their anti-A reacts with the donor cells).

30
Q

What is the theory of why we have ABO antibodies?

A

It is believed we have ABO antigens from exposure to A and B like antigens in the environment (e.g., normal bacterial flora, pollen, etc.).

31
Q

What antibodies are present in a baby before 3-6 months of age?

A

Maternal antibodies.

32
Q

Is reverse typing done on babies prior to 3-6 months?

A

No, as the antibodies would be maternal.

33
Q

How do titers of our ABO antibodies vary with age?

A

Titers reach maximum levels by 5 to 10 years of age and decrease as an individual ages.

34
Q

What type of antibody is anti-A and anti-B?

A

Predominantly IgM.

Binds to complement.
Reacts optimally during immediate spin in cross-matching.

35
Q

What antibody type is Anti-AB in group O individuals? What is the implication of this?

A

Usually IgG.
Therefore can cross the placenta and cause HDFN*.

*Note: Common but not severe. Often place baby under light to help with bilirubin levels.

36
Q

Who is the universal donor and the universal recipient for RBC transfusions?

A

Group O: universal donor
Group AB: universal recipient

37
Q

What is the sequence preference for RBC transfusions? plasma transfusions?

A

Preference is ABO-identical unit, followed by ABO-compatible unit in RBC transfusions.

ABO identical unit is preferred or compatible for plasma transfusions.

See Slide 29 and study that for clarity. You must know that!

38
Q

What can happen to the patient with an incompatible RBC transfusion?

A

Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction.

39
Q

What type of blood is required for whole blood transfusions?

A

ABO identical unit.

Whole blood transfusions done in the US but not Cda.

40
Q

What are the universal donor and recipient for plasma transfusions?

A

Donor unit antibodies must be compatible with recipient’s RBCs.
Group AB: universal donor.
Group O: universal recipient.

41
Q

What is the bombay phenotype?

A

RBCs lack the H antigen –> hh.

The h gene is an amorph and results in little or no production of L-fucosyltransferase.

42
Q

What antibodies does a person with the bombay phenotype carry?

A

Patients’ serum contains anti-A, anti-B and also anti-H.

Anti-H will agglutinate strongly with O red cells.

43
Q

What blood type can a bombay phenotype receive from a donor?

A

For a transfusion, a bombay type must receive blood from another bombay type, i.e. only autologous units or rare donor files can be used.

44
Q

What percentage of the populations are secretors?

A

80% of the population
SeSe (homozygous)
Sese (heterozygous)
20% are nonsecretors (sese)