Chapter 5-9

Question 1

Cromlech

Answer 1

153 a circle of monoliths, usually enclosing a type of altar .

Question 2

Lintels

Answer 2

153 horizontal structural member that spans an opening between two walls or posts

Question 3

Cella

Answer 3

154 the main rectangle room of a temple containing the image of a god, goddess or cult deity.

Question 4

Ziggurats

Answer 4

154 the high temple platform, built of mud brick, of Sumerian and Assyrian architecture. Usually built in the form of a truncated stepped pyramid with ramp like stairways leading to the sanctuary at the top.

Question 5

Stele

Answer 5

157 An upright slab, bearing sculptured or painted designs or inscriptions. From the Greek for “standing block”

Question 6

Low relief

Answer 6

157 A surface that has only slight variations between the highest and lowest parts. Bas-relief is sculpture of low relief on a wall, and a coelanoglyph is a sculpture of low relief carved into a wall surface.

Question 7

Mastabas

Answer 7

160 A rectangular Egyptian tomb of mud brick and masonry with sloping sides and a flat top used to cover the burial chamber.

Question 8

Step pyramid

Answer 8

160 A solid stone structure built of six huge steps and used as a tomb for an Egyptian Pharaoh.

Question 9

Frontal

Answer 9

162 A pose in figure drawing or sculpture in high figures face forward.

Question 10

Pylons

Answer 10

164 The huge entrance structure for an Egyptian freestanding temple, formed by a pair of square tapering piers with a flat top and no connecting lintel. From the Greek word for “gateway”. Also, significant pillars in contemporary architecture.

Question 11

Hypostyle

Answer 11

164 A building having a roof or ceiling supported by rows of columns; used to describe a hall constructed of many columns; also, a row of columns.

Question 12

Registers

Answer 12

166 One of a series of horizontal bands placed one above the other, usually a format for painting. Commonly used in Egyptian tomb painting, medieval church sculpture, Aztec codices and manuscript illumination.

Question 13

Descriptive perspective

Answer 13

166 Shows more important objects larger than less important objects.

Question 14

Frescoes

Answer 14

174 A method of painting in which pigments suspended in water are applied to a thin layer of wet plaster so that the plaster absorbed the color and the painting becomes part of the wall.

Question 15

Contrapposto

Answer 15

178 Technique of sculpting a human figure in a pose that shows the weight of the body in balance. With weight on one leg, the shoulders and hips counterbalance each other in a natural way so that the figure does not fall over. Developed in the late Greek period.

Question 16

Frieze

Answer 16

181 Any horizontal band, decorated with molding or patterns, either painted or carved, usually at the upper end of a wall; specifically, in Greek architecture, the middle layer (plain or carved) of an entablature.

Question 17

Pediment

Answer 17

181 the triangular area over the entablature in Classical Greek architecture, formed by the ends of a sloping roof and the cornice.

Question 18

Architrave

Answer 18

184 The main horizontal beam at the bottom of an entablature, resting on the capitals of columns. Often made of several lintels to stretch the length of the building.

Question 19

Cornice

Answer 19

184 Any projecting ornaments molding along the top of a building, wall, arch, etc; also, the topmost projecting part of an entablature in a Classical Greek building.

Question 20

Metopes

Answer 20

184 The carved or plain areas between the Triglyphs in the frieze of a Doric building.

Question 21

Triglyphs

Answer 21

184 A group of three vertical ridges alternating with a plain metope in the frieze of a Doric Greek building.

Question 22

Entasis

Answer 22

184 The subtle convex swelling of a Classical Greek column shaft.

Question 23

Caryatids

Answer 23

186 A support or column in the form of a human figure, usually female.

Question 24

Encaustic

Answer 24

186 A method of painting on a ground, with colors dissolved in hot wax; also, a work of art produced by this technique.

Question 25

Amphora

Answer 25

188 A storage jar having an egg shaped body, a foot and two handles, each attached at the neck and shoulders of the jar.

Question 26

Hydria

Answer 26

188 A large jug used to carry water.

Question 27

Arch

Answer 27

190 An architecture construction built of wedge shaped blocks to span an opening and usually supported by columns or piers. A corbeled arch is made by overlapping layers of stones, each one projecting slightly farther over the opening than the one below it. A building dependent upon arches for its structure is said to be "arculated"

Question 28

Vault

Answer 28

190 An arched roof or covering made of brick stone or concrete. A barrel vault or tunnel vault is semi-circular. A corbeled vault is made by having each course protrude a little beyond the course below it until the two sides meet.

Question 29

Velarium

Answer 29

190 An awning at the top of the Colosseum in Rome that protected spectators from sun and rain.

Question 30

Coffered

Answer 30

193 in architecture, a square, rectangular or polygonal recess in a ceiling to reduce the weight of the structure.

Question 31

Oculus

Answer 31

193 A circular opening in a wall or in the dome, from the Latin for "eye".

Question 32

Basilicas

Answer 32

194 Roman civic building of rectangular form in which the ground plan was divided into nave, side aisles and apse, and was approached though a narthex. In Christian architecture, a church building similar in shape was the major worship form from the third to eighth centuries.

Question 33

Forums

Answer 33

195 A central gathering place for the people of the town, particularly of Ancient Rome. A place for judicial and public business.

Question 34

Diptych

Answer 34

206 A pair of wood, ivory or metal panels usually hinged together, with painting or carving on the inside surfaces. Usually placed over an altar.

Question 35

Catacombs

Answer 35

208 Underground burial places made up of passageways and niches for holding up the sarcophagi. Some contained chapels and meeting rooms for early Christians.

Question 36

Atrium

Answer 36

208 The inner court of a Roman house, open to the sky. Also, the enclosed courtyard in front of the main doors of a basilica or church.

Question 37

Nave

Answer 37

208 E central section of a church where the congregation assembles. In a basilican plan, the space extends from the main entrance to the apse or the crossing. The nave is usually flanked by the side aisles.

Question 38

Apse

Answer 38

208 A large semicircle area at the choir end of a church. Usually contains the altar. May also be found at the ends of transepts or at the ends of smaller chapels.

Question 39

Baldachin

Answer 39

209 A fixed canopy of wood, stone, fabric, etc., over an altar, throne or doorway. Sometimes portable, as when it is over a movable statue during a parade or procession.

Question 40

Transepts

Answer 40

209 The part of a cross shaped church at right angles to the long nave, usually with one arm on each side of the crossing.

Question 41

Crypts

Answer 41

209 A vaulted space below ground level, usually beneath the raised choir or apse of a church, or under a temple or shrine.

Question 42

Rotunda

Answer 42

210 A round building or interior hall, topped by a dome.

Question 43

Sarcophagus

Answer 43

211 A stone coffin, often elaborately carved.

Question 44

Tesserae

Answer 44

212 Bits of colored glass or stone used in making mosaics.

Question 45

Pendentives

Answer 45

215 A triangular piece of vaulting springing from the comer of a rectangular area to support a round or polygonal dome. Usually four pendentives spring from the four comers of a crossing to support the dome.

Question 46

Pier

Answer 46

215 A massive vertical masonry pillar that supports an arch, vault, or other kind of roof. Also used under pendentives to support a dome. A square area in a Gothic church marked by a pier at each corner is known as a "bay".

Question 47

Icons

Answer 47

216 A religious image or likeness; in the Eastern Orthodox religion, usually a panel painting of a saint or of Christ.

Question 48

Iconoclasm

Answer 48

217 Destruction of images or icons; historically examples include the Iconoclastic Controversy, the Protestant purges, the Tang repression and the Japanese persecution of Christians.

Question 49

Triptych

Answer 49

217 An altarpiece consisting of three panels joined together. Often, the two outer panels are hinged to close over the central panel.

Question 50

Arabesque

Answer 50

218 Intricate and fanciful surface decoration generally based on geometric patterns and using combinations of flowering veins, tendrils, etc. "In the Arab style".

Question 51

Stucco

Answer 51

218 Any of several types of plaster used for decoration cornices, molding or ceiling; also, a cement coating for the exterior of a building.

Question 52

Mosques

Answer 52

220 An Islamic temple or place of worship.

Question 53

Minarets

Answer 53

220 A tall, slender tower attached to a mosque from which the muezzin (cryer) calls people to prayer.

Question 54

Miniature

Answer 54

221 A small painting executed with great detail; a small portrait, picture or decorative letter on an illuminated manuscript.

Question 55

Illumination

Answer 55

222 Colored illustrations, often containing gold and silver, that decorated manuscripts in medieval times in Europe.

Question 56

Vellum

Answer 56

222 A fine parchment made from calfskin and used for writing, manuscripts illumination and book binding.

Question 57

Tympanum

Answer 57

232 A carved or decorated space over the door and under the arch of a Romanesque or Gothic church facade.

Question 58

Narthex

Answer 58

232 A porch or vestibule, sometimes enclosed, preceding the main entrance of a church.

Question 59

Mandorla

Answer 59

232 An almond shaped outline enclosing the full figure of a person endowed with divine light, usually Christ.

Question 60

Lanterns

Answer 60

234 A small dome, usually with Windows around its drum, built atop a larger dome or on a roof to allow light to enter the structure.

Question 61

Ambulatories

Answer 61

234 Any passageway around a central space. A place for walking around the apse of a church, often a continuation of the side aisles; also, a covered walkway around a cloister.

Question 62

Buttresses

Answer 62

234 A massive support built against a wall to receive the lateral thrust (pressure) exerted by a vault, roof or arch.

Question 63

Choir

Answer 63

234 The part of a church in which the service is sung, usually the apse; also, a group of singers.

Question 64

Abbey

Answer 64

234 A complex of buildings comprised of a monastery and a church.

Question 65

Cloister

Answer 65

234 A covered walkway or ambulatory around an open court or garden. Usually, a colonnade faces the garden, allowing light to enter.

Question 66

Cathedra

Answer 66

234 The chair or throne of a bishop.

Question 67

Campanile

Answer 67

236 A bell tower either attached to a church or freestanding nearby.

Question 68

Flying buttresses

Answer 68

240 A supportive structure consisting of a tower buttress and a flying arch which spans the side aisles and supports the upper wall of the nave of a Gothic church.

Question 69

Clerestory

Answer 69

241 The upper section of a wall used for fighting and ventilation; also, the upper story of the nave of a church building.

Question 70

Rose Windows

Answer 70

242 A circular window with stone tracery radiating from the center and a characteristic Feature of Gothic church architecture.

Question 71

Tracery

Answer 71

243 Ornamental stonework in a decorative pattern with a lace like effect; a decorative interlacing of lines suggestive of such stonework.

Question 72

Fan vaulting

Answer 72

245 A complex vault with radiating ribs, characteristic of the late English Gothic architecture.

Question 73

Cartoon

Answer 73

252 A full scale drawing from which a painting or fresco is made. Also, a simplified humorous drawing.

Question 74

Tondo

Answer 74

269 A round shaped painting

Question 75

Chiaroscuro

Answer 75

277 A technique for modeling forms in painting by which the lighted parts seem to emerge from surrounding dark areas. Strong contrast of dark and light values in painting.

Question 76

Sfumato

Answer 76

277 A slight blurring of the edges of figures and objects in a painting, creating a hazy feeling and aerial perspective.

Question 77

Painterly

Answer 77

286 The technique of painting in which forms are depicted by patches of color rather than by hard and precise edges. Brushstrokes are left visible as part of the surface of the painting.

Question 78

Genre

Answer 78

291 Referring to the common, ordinary; also, a type of localized art.

Question 79

Scientific perspective

Answer 79

262 Create by Brunelleschi, this is a way of accurately showing three dimensional buildings or objects on a flat sheet of paper.

Question 80

Stylized

Answer 80

150 the simplification or generalization of forms found in nature to present a personal and more decorative feeling in a work of art or lettering.

Question 81

Cupola

Answer 81

A rounded convex roof on a circular base, a dome of small size.

Question 82

Foreshortening

Answer 82

A method of drawing or painting an object or person that is not parallel to the picture plane so that it seems to recede in space, giving the illustration of three dimensions. Parts get smaller as they refer in space.

Question 83

Classic ideals

Answer 83

A set of rules by which to live by

Question 84

Sirocco

Answer 84

Winter winds that drive huge tidal surge waves into Venice | 285

Question 85

Triumphal arch

Answer 85

Separated the nave from the apse, so called because of the victory Christ has over death.

Question 86

Stucco relief

Answer 86

218

Question 87

Calligraphy

Answer 87

220 the noblest and most continuous of the arts, owes its supreme status to the fact that it transmits the Koran. The Arabic script serves as a basis for many designs.