Chapter 5-9 Flashcards
nonsense mutation
A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
Algae have the ability to capture the _______ of sunlight and convert it into usable forms of energy
energy
Biofuels are ________.
renewable fuels made from living organisms
Algae and plants get energy from
the sun
Biofuel produced is high in
chemical energy
potential energy
stored energy in chemical bonds
Kinetic Energy
the energy of motion or movement
Heat
the kinetic energy generated by random movement of molecules or atoms
Aerobic Respiration: Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm
* Series of reactions that breaks down sugar into smaller units (pyruvate)
electron transport chain
NAD+ molecules bring electrons to folds on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
* Electrons flow down a chain of molecules on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
* At the end of the chain, oxygen accepts the electrons and combines with hydrogen atoms to form water.
* The flow of electrons powers the production of most of the ATP in aerobic respiration.
Energy is never destroyed; it is only converted from
one form to another
dna in the form of a chromosome
single DNA molecule wrapped around proteins
Bases form internal
rungs
DNA replication produces two copies of the original
dna molecule
Natural process by which cells make an identical copy of a DNA molecule
DNA replication
We can use PCR to target
STRs
amino acids
building blocks of proteins
Gene expression has two steps:
Transcription involves converting DNA to RNA.
* Translation involves converting RNA to protein.
Translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Mutations that occur in germ cells (reproductive cells) can be passed
on to the next generation.
Autotrophs
capture and transform the energy of sunlight by photosynthesis
Heterotrophs
obtain energy by eating other organisms
Light energy
the energy of the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation.
Light energy is made of particles called
photons, or packets of light energy
Photons of different wavelengths contain different amounts of
energy
Differences in wavelength are responsible for
color in visible light.
Chlorophyll
a pigment present in the green parts of plants.
Photons of light are absorbed by
chlorophyll
Excited electrons help generate an energy-carrying molecule known as
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
ATP is used to make
sugar
carbon fixation
Photosynthesis captures carbon dioxide gas from the air and incorporates carbon atoms into sugar
What is obesity?
having an unhealthy amount of body fat
Body Mass Index (BMI) estimates
body fat based on height and weight
What causes obesity?
energy imbalance: taking in much more energy than we expend in our activities, over time.
calories (lowercase c)
the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C
Calories (capital C)
equal to 1000 calories, or 1 kilocalorie (kcal)
How does the body use macromolecules in food?
The body digests macromolecules into building blocks or subunits.
The body uses these subunits:
-to make new molecules.
- as sources of energy
Macromolecules contain different amounts of
stored energy
Different activities require different amounts of energy.
Not everyone burns Calories at the same rate. What has an effect?
Genetics, muscle mass, and gender
A healthy diet includes
balancing calories from food with calories burned.
An imbalance of energy in and out can lead to
weight gain or weight loss.
nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
Energy expenditure through daily activities outside of structured exercise, such as walking, completing household chores, and taking the stairs.
To use energy from food, we need to convert it into an energy “currency.”
The most commonly used form is the molecule
adenosine triphosphate
(ATP).
ATP is spent when?
anytime during muscle contractions, or neuron fires.
