Chapter 5

Question 1

What is meant by the term ubiquitous computing

Answer 1

Describes how current technologies relate to and support a computing vision for a greater availability and range of computer devices

Question 2

List and define the main characteristics for ubiquitous computing

Answer 2

Have some kind of attachment, embedment, blending of computers, sensors, tags, networks, and other like smart devices, smart environments, sensor-actor networks, and smart interaction

Question 3

What is meant by the term smart devices?

Answer 3

A device linked to a network, send its data to another endpoint using some connection such as wifi, bluetooth, etc

Question 4

Give examples of smart devices

Answer 4

Smart watch/phone/appliances/tablets

Question 5

What is meant by the term ubiquitous network?

Answer 5

A network of smart devices that allows for ubiquitous computing

Question 6

List and define the main characteristics for ubiquitous netowrks

Answer 6

Inexpensive, easy to install/maintain, and reliable

Question 7

What is meant by the term smart environment?

Answer 7

A network of smart devices that communicate with one another

Question 8

Give an example of a smart environment

Answer 8

They are human-centered environments and machine-centered environments

Question 9

What is meant by the term human-centered environment?

Answer 9

Humans may be accompanied by smart devices, wearable smart devices

Key elements is the human to machine interface

Question 10

Give an example of a human-centered environment

Answer 10

Smart phones, smart watches, surface-mounted devices, and embedded devices that can sense and control

Question 11

What is meant by the term Distributed computing environment?

Answer 11

An environment in which computation is no longer decoupled from its environment

Stems from the need for integrating external physical data and processes with computations for the sake of ubiquitous control of the surrounding environment.

Question 12

Example of a distributed computing environment

Answer 12

Massively Multiplayer Online videogames

Question 13

What is meant by the term smart dust?

Answer 13

Very small devices with the ability to communicate with one another

Include sensors that detect

Microelectromechanical systems

Question 14

Give an example of smart dist

Answer 14

Sensors that can detect temperature

Question 15

What is meant by the term MEMS

Answer 15

Microelectromechanical systems range from micrometers to nanometers (NEMS)

Miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical elements that are made using the techniques of microfabrication

Question 16

Give an example of MEMS

Answer 16

Blood pressure monitors in intensive care

Question 17

What is meant by the term ubiquitous learning space?

Answer 17

Focues on the combination of learning environment and substance space, emphasizing the learning that can happen as seeing, hearing, reading, or appreceiving whenever the learner wanted

All day learning environment supported by tech (such as wearables)

Question 18

Give an example of a ubiquitous learning space

Answer 18

An online course or other online educational programs that are accessible throughout the day

Question 19

What is meant by the term smart home?

Answer 19

A home that allows for interconnectivity between things to things, and humans to things/things to humans

Requires innovative solutions to build an infrastructure that makes use of the ubiquitous computing, the IoT, and PLC
(Provides better energy management for example)

PLC is a tech that uses medium and low-voltage electrical network to provide different telecommunication services, ranging from home automation with internet access

Question 20

Give example of powerline communication in a smart home application

Answer 20

Home automation

Allows smart devices in homes to be used to easily program applications

Remote reading of meters for electricity, gas, or water

Question 21

What is meant by the term Web Services Description Language

Answer 21

A rapidly emerging tech for describing services

Lets a client talk to a service through a common protocol known as Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), a protocol speicification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of web services in computer networks

Question 22

List and define the main characteristics for the Web Services Description Language

Answer 22

Made of the following elements:

1 ) Type: Provides data type definitions used to describe the message exchanged between endpoints.

2 ) Message: repres. abstract def of data transmitted. Consists of logical parts, each associated w/ definition within some type of system.

3 ) Port Type: Set of abstract operations. Op refers to input/output messages

4 ) Binding: Specifies concrete protocol and data format specs for the operations and messages defined by a particular port-type

5 ) Port: Specifies an address for a binding, thus defining a single communication endpoint.

6 ) Service: Used to aggregate a set of related ports

Question 23

What is meant by the term tagging?

Answer 23

Attaching a tag or linking a tag to a physical object

Physical or digital tags are networked devices with an identity

Question 24

Give an example of tagging

Answer 24

RFID systems used for tracking or identifying purposes include a tag

Question 25

What is meant by the term sensing?

Answer 25

Getting data from the environment

Question 26

Give an example of sensing

Answer 26

Being able to read conditions from the environment such as temperature, air pressure, brightness, acceleration, thermal radiation, etc

Question 27

What is meant by the term MARG sensor?

Answer 27

sensor array including magnetic, angular rate, and gravity (MARG) sensors

Question 28

List and define the main characteristics for the MARG sensor

Answer 28

Consists of either solid-state or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), gyroscopes, allerometers, and magnetometers. Designed to replace a traditional mechanical gyroscopic flight instruments.

Question 29

What is meant by the term sensor fusion?

Answer 29

Combination of sensor data or data derived from sensor data from disparate sources such that the resulting information is in some sense more efficient than would be possible when these sources are used individually. More efficient = more accurate/complete/dependable or refer to the result of an emerging view of deep information by combining 2D images from 2 cameras at slightly different viewpoints

Question 30

Give an example of sensor fusion

Answer 30

Radar, sonar, TV cameras, phased arrays, magnetic sensors, Infrared/thermal imaging camera, accelerators

Question 31

What is meant by the term multisensor data fusion?

Answer 31

Tech that deals with combining data from multiple different types of sensors to draw conclusions about physical events, activities, or situations. Enable conclusions which would not be possible from the results of only a single source Primary benefit is the improvements in the quality of information in a synergetic process where the resulting whole is more than the sum of its parts because a fusion of data does not intrinsically mean a synergy Enhances the info available to a ubiquitous system

Question 32

Give an example of a multisensor data fusion

Answer 32

Industrial applications such as controlling complex equipment, to automated military manufacturing issues, such as automatic target identification and battlefield exercises and threat analysis Artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, information theory, pattern recognition, signal processing, statistics, etc

Question 33

What is meant by the term artificial intelligence?

Answer 33

Computer systems that can perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence Capable of self-improvement and self-learning

Question 34

Given an example of artificial intelligence

Answer 34

Visual perception, speech recognition, deicison-making, and translation between languages

Question 35

What is meant by the term controlling?

Answer 35

A control system for physical world task must perform many complex information processing tasks in real time. Often operates in an environment where boundary conditions may change rapidly.

Question 36

List and define the main characteristics of controlling

Answer 36

Constraints: Multiple sensors, robustness Architecture usually based on microcontroller devices (MC) or field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA)

Question 37

What is meant by the term parameter identification?

Answer 37

Foundation of adaptive control which uses a controller that adapts to a controlled system with parameters which vary or are initially uncertain

Question 38

Give an example of paramter identification

Answer 38

Least squares and gradient descent methods

Question 39

What is meant by the term robust control

Answer 39

A theory of control where the approach to controller design explicitly deals with uncertainty as a consequence of disturbances or unexpected set-point sequences Robust control policy is static Aim to achieve robust performance or stability in presence of bounded errors. Being robust means a system can handle variability and remain effective.

Question 40

What is meant by the term fault tolerance?

Answer 40

The tolerance to something going wrong. What should the system do when sensing stops working or there is a fault in the system. May pass control to the drive in a non-autonomous control. May have alternate sensing that the system can rely on, but more expensive, requires redundancy.

Question 41

What is meant by the term robot manipulator?

Answer 41

The main body of the robot consisting of links, joins, and other structural elements of the robot. With other elements, the manipulator alone is not a robot

Question 42

What is meant by the term robot degrees of freedom?

Answer 42

Degrees of freedom, in a mechanics context, are specific, definied modes in which a mechanical device or system can move. The number of degrees of freedom is equal to the total number of independent displacements or aspects of motion. The term is widely used to define the motion capabilities of robots.

Question 43

List and define the main characteristics of robot degrees of freedom

Answer 43

The rigid body manipulator system can have up to 6 degrees of freedom of movements. This comprises three translational movements, such as moving up and down, moving left and right, moving forward and backward. It also comprises three rotational degrees of freedom: tiling up/down, turning left/right, tilting from side to side

Question 44

What is meant by the term robot workspace?

Answer 44

The workspace of a robot manipulator is often defined as the set of points that can be reached by its end-effector or, in other words, it is the space in which the robot works and can be either 3D space of a 2D surface.