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Cyber-Physical Systems > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by the term ubiquitous computing

A

Describes how current technologies relate to and support a computing vision for a greater availability and range of computer devices

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2
Q

List and define the main characteristics for ubiquitous computing

A

Have some kind of attachment, embedment, blending of computers, sensors, tags, networks, and other like smart devices, smart environments, sensor-actor networks, and smart interaction

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3
Q

What is meant by the term smart devices?

A

A device linked to a network, send its data to another endpoint using some connection such as wifi, bluetooth, etc

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4
Q

Give examples of smart devices

A

Smart watch/phone/appliances/tablets

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5
Q

What is meant by the term ubiquitous network?

A

A network of smart devices that allows for ubiquitous computing

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6
Q

List and define the main characteristics for ubiquitous netowrks

A

Inexpensive, easy to install/maintain, and reliable

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7
Q

What is meant by the term smart environment?

A

A network of smart devices that communicate with one another

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8
Q

Give an example of a smart environment

A

They are human-centered environments and machine-centered environments

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9
Q

What is meant by the term human-centered environment?

A

Humans may be accompanied by smart devices, wearable smart devices

Key elements is the human to machine interface

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10
Q

Give an example of a human-centered environment

A

Smart phones, smart watches, surface-mounted devices, and embedded devices that can sense and control

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11
Q

What is meant by the term Distributed computing environment?

A

An environment in which computation is no longer decoupled from its environment

Stems from the need for integrating external physical data and processes with computations for the sake of ubiquitous control of the surrounding environment.

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12
Q

Example of a distributed computing environment

A

Massively Multiplayer Online videogames

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13
Q

What is meant by the term smart dust?

A

Very small devices with the ability to communicate with one another

Include sensors that detect

Microelectromechanical systems

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14
Q

Give an example of smart dist

A

Sensors that can detect temperature

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15
Q

What is meant by the term MEMS

A

Microelectromechanical systems range from micrometers to nanometers (NEMS)

Miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical elements that are made using the techniques of microfabrication

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16
Q

Give an example of MEMS

A

Blood pressure monitors in intensive care

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17
Q

What is meant by the term ubiquitous learning space?

A

Focues on the combination of learning environment and substance space, emphasizing the learning that can happen as seeing, hearing, reading, or appreceiving whenever the learner wanted

All day learning environment supported by tech (such as wearables)

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18
Q

Give an example of a ubiquitous learning space

A

An online course or other online educational programs that are accessible throughout the day

19
Q

What is meant by the term smart home?

A

A home that allows for interconnectivity between things to things, and humans to things/things to humans

Requires innovative solutions to build an infrastructure that makes use of the ubiquitous computing, the IoT, and PLC
(Provides better energy management for example)

PLC is a tech that uses medium and low-voltage electrical network to provide different telecommunication services, ranging from home automation with internet access

20
Q

Give example of powerline communication in a smart home application

A

Home automation

Allows smart devices in homes to be used to easily program applications

Remote reading of meters for electricity, gas, or water

21
Q

What is meant by the term Web Services Description Language

A

A rapidly emerging tech for describing services

Lets a client talk to a service through a common protocol known as Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), a protocol speicification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of web services in computer networks

22
Q

List and define the main characteristics for the Web Services Description Language

A

Made of the following elements:

1 ) Type: Provides data type definitions used to describe the message exchanged between endpoints.

2 ) Message: repres. abstract def of data transmitted. Consists of logical parts, each associated w/ definition within some type of system.

3 ) Port Type: Set of abstract operations. Op refers to input/output messages

4 ) Binding: Specifies concrete protocol and data format specs for the operations and messages defined by a particular port-type

5 ) Port: Specifies an address for a binding, thus defining a single communication endpoint.

6 ) Service: Used to aggregate a set of related ports

23
Q

What is meant by the term tagging?

A

Attaching a tag or linking a tag to a physical object

Physical or digital tags are networked devices with an identity

24
Q

Give an example of tagging

A

RFID systems used for tracking or identifying purposes include a tag

25
Q

What is meant by the term sensing?

A

Getting data from the environment

26
Q

Give an example of sensing

A

Being able to read conditions from the environment such as temperature, air pressure, brightness, acceleration, thermal radiation, etc

27
Q

What is meant by the term MARG sensor?

A

sensor array including magnetic, angular rate, and gravity (MARG) sensors

28
Q

List and define the main characteristics for the MARG sensor

A

Consists of either solid-state or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), gyroscopes, allerometers, and magnetometers.

Designed to replace a traditional mechanical gyroscopic flight instruments.

29
Q

What is meant by the term sensor fusion?

A

Combination of sensor data or data derived from sensor data from disparate sources such that the resulting information is in some sense more efficient than would be possible when these sources are used individually.

More efficient = more accurate/complete/dependable or refer to the result of an emerging view of deep information by combining 2D images from 2 cameras at slightly different viewpoints

30
Q

Give an example of sensor fusion

A

Radar, sonar, TV cameras, phased arrays, magnetic sensors, Infrared/thermal imaging camera, accelerators

31
Q

What is meant by the term multisensor data fusion?

A

Tech that deals with combining data from multiple different types of sensors to draw conclusions about physical events, activities, or situations.

Enable conclusions which would not be possible from the results of only a single source

Primary benefit is the improvements in the quality of information in a synergetic process where the resulting whole is more than the sum of its parts because a fusion of data does not intrinsically mean a synergy

Enhances the info available to a ubiquitous system

32
Q

Give an example of a multisensor data fusion

A

Industrial applications such as controlling complex equipment, to automated military manufacturing issues, such as automatic target identification and battlefield exercises and threat analysis

Artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, information theory, pattern recognition, signal processing, statistics, etc

33
Q

What is meant by the term artificial intelligence?

A

Computer systems that can perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence

Capable of self-improvement and self-learning

34
Q

Given an example of artificial intelligence

A

Visual perception, speech recognition, deicison-making, and translation between languages

35
Q

What is meant by the term controlling?

A

A control system for physical world task must perform many complex information processing tasks in real time.

Often operates in an environment where boundary conditions may change rapidly.

36
Q

List and define the main characteristics of controlling

A

Constraints: Multiple sensors, robustness

Architecture usually based on microcontroller devices (MC) or field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA)

37
Q

What is meant by the term parameter identification?

A

Foundation of adaptive control which uses a controller that adapts to a controlled system with parameters which vary or are initially uncertain

38
Q

Give an example of paramter identification

A

Least squares and gradient descent methods

39
Q

What is meant by the term robust control

A

A theory of control where the approach to controller design explicitly deals with uncertainty as a consequence of disturbances or unexpected set-point sequences

Robust control policy is static

Aim to achieve robust performance or stability in presence of bounded errors. Being robust means a system can handle variability and remain effective.

40
Q

What is meant by the term fault tolerance?

A

The tolerance to something going wrong. What should the system do when sensing stops working or there is a fault in the system.

May pass control to the drive in a non-autonomous control. May have alternate sensing that the system can rely on, but more expensive, requires redundancy.

41
Q

What is meant by the term robot manipulator?

A

The main body of the robot consisting of links, joins, and other structural elements of the robot. With other elements, the manipulator alone is not a robot

42
Q

What is meant by the term robot degrees of freedom?

A

Degrees of freedom, in a mechanics context, are specific, definied modes in which a mechanical device or system can move. The number of degrees of freedom is equal to the total number of independent displacements or aspects of motion.

The term is widely used to define the motion capabilities of robots.

43
Q

List and define the main characteristics of robot degrees of freedom

A

The rigid body manipulator system can have up to 6 degrees of freedom of movements. This comprises three translational movements, such as moving up and down, moving left and right, moving forward and backward. It also comprises three rotational degrees of freedom: tiling up/down, turning left/right, tilting from side to side

44
Q

What is meant by the term robot workspace?

A

The workspace of a robot manipulator is often defined as the set of points that can be reached by its end-effector or, in other words, it is the space in which the robot works and can be either 3D space of a 2D surface.

Cyber-Physical Systems (3 decks)

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