Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Crops Test 2 > Chapter 5-8 > Flashcards

Chapter 5-8 Flashcards

1
Q

Non mineral nutrients (3)

A

Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mineral nutrients (Macronutrients)

A

Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Secondary nutrients

A

Sulfur (S)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Micronutrients

A 
Iron (Fe)
Zinc (Zn)
Manganese (Mn) 
Copper (Cu)
Boron (B)
Chlorine (Cl)
Molybdenum (Mo)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

17th nutrient

A

Sodium (Na)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Liebig’s Law of the Minimum

A

Plant production can be no greater than the level allowed by the growth factor present in the lowest amount (limiting factor) relative to the optimum for that factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Von Liebig

A

Rainfall
Nutrients
Heat
Light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Elements essential to range plants

A

Silicon (Si)

Selenium (Se)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What makes nutrients essential

A
  • Plants cannot complete lifecycle without element
  • Deficiency symptoms for element can be corrected only by supplying said element
  • Element is directly involved in nutrition of plant apart from its effect on chemical or physical properties of soil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nutrients associated with crop yield and vegetative growth

A

Nitrogen

Sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nutrients immobile in soil

A

Phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the preferred forms of nitrogen taken by plants

A

Nitrate

Ammonium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Law of Diminishing Returns

A

If a growth factor is limiting, growth response will be greatest for the first increment added and least for the last increment added

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nutrient mobility concept

A

As the mobility of a nutrient in soil decreases the amount needed in the soil increases from a value equal to the product of maximum yield and optimum plant composition to a constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Plant Nutrient Status Terminology

What is Sufficient

A

Nutrient concentration is adequate to support plant growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Deficient

A

Occurs when concentration of nutrient is so low that crop yields are reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Toxic

A

Occurs when concentration of nutrient is too high causing reduced crop yields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Soil nutrient status determination

A

Visual examination
Chemical analysis
-soil /forage test
-More accurate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Signs of deficiency N-P-K

Nitrogen

A
  • Chlorosis of leaves

- Starts at base of plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Signs of deficiency N-P-K

Phosphorus

A
  • Plants stunted
  • Leaves darker green than normal
  • Lower leaves often purplish between veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Signs of deficiency N-P-K

Potassium

A

-Chlorosis of leaves beginning at margins and continuing toward center of plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Benefits of soil testing

A
  • Increases productivity
  • Increases fertilizer use efficency
  • Identifies polluted or contaminated soil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How to take a soil sample

A
  • Sample before crop starts growing
  • Collect 15 to 20 samples
  • Zig Zag across field to recieve accurate representation
  • Sample at proper depth where roots are
  • Typically 4 to 6 inches deep
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How to read a soil test report

A
  • top part what is in soul what was tested

- bottom part interpretations of soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pH scale

A
  • Good range for plants is 5.5 to 7.5
  • # below 7 more acidic
  • # above 7 basic
  • Legumes need to be more towards 7
  • Grasses can handle a pH of 5.5
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

pH trend of Oklahoma

A

Eastern part of state

  • more acidic that west
  • due to more rainfall
  • And different parient material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Correcting soil pH

A

Acidic soils

- Application of lime to increase pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is soil solution

A
  • Water and associated solutes
  • Many solutes are mineral ions that were once absorbed on soil particles
  • Mineral ions the nutrients that plants absorb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Nitrogen cycle is characterized by what

A
  • Inputs
  • Transformation
  • Losses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the inputs for the nitrogen cycle

A
  • Bacteria
  • lightning
  • fertilizer
  • organic matter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In the nitrogen cycle what are the transformations

A
  • mineralization
  • nitrification
  • dentification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

In the nitrogen cycle what are the losses

A
  • runoff
  • leaching
  • plant consumption
  • gaseous losses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the carbon to nitrogen ratio

A

in organic material determines which scenario occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Benefits of organic matter

A
  • Nutrient supply
  • Water holding capacity
  • Soil structure aggregation
  • Erosion prevention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is soil

A

A dynamic natural body composed of mineral and organic materials and living organisms in which plants grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Compositions of soil

A

25% air
25% water
45% minerals
5% organic matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the 5 factors of soil formation

A
  • Climate
  • Living organisms
  • Parent material
  • Topography
  • time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

A horizon

A

Enriched with nutrients giving darker color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

B horizon

A

Clay accumulation

40
Q

Soil tilth

A
  • Physical condition relates to tillage, planting, germination, and emergence
  • Soil with good tilth will have adequate pore space to hold water and air and an adequate supply of nutrients
  • This is a function of soil structure, soil texture, soil fertility, and soil organic matter
  • Maintain soil tilth requires careful timing of farming operations and is improved by reducing tillage
41
Q

What are the texture sizes

A
  • clay
  • silt
  • sand
42
Q

What are the anchored water nutrients

A

Soil provides plants with anchor, water and nutrients

43
Q

What is the bulk density formula

A

Soil volume (cm)

the mass of soil per unit volume

44
Q

What does high density make

A

root growth and tillage difficult

45
Q

Forms of soil water

A
  • Gravitational water
  • Capillary water
  • Hygroscopic water
46
Q

What is gravitational water

A

Water that moves downward through soil profile due to the force of gravity

47
Q

What is capillary water

A

Water that is held in the soil pore spaces against force of gravity

48
Q

What is hygroscopic water

A

Water that is held tightly and forms film around soil particles

49
Q

What are water conditions

A

Gravitational
Capillary
hygroscopic

50
Q

What are the land capability classes and what are they used for

A 
Class 1,2,3
-Row cropping
Class 4,6
-Pasture land
class 5
- flooding 
Class 7
-Woodland
Class 8
-recreational
51
Q

What are the soil properties

A
  • texture
  • structure
  • soil organic matter
  • density
  • pore space
  • aeration
  • water content
52
Q

Textures:soil particles size

A

Clay - smallest
silt - medium
sand - largest

53
Q

What is aeration

A

the process by which in air in the soils os replaced by air from the atmosphere

54
Q

What is percolation

A

the downward movement of water through soil

55
Q

What is root penetration

A

How far down roots are capable of penetrating the soil

56
Q

Soil organic matter is what %

A

5%

57
Q

What are the benefits of soil organic matter

A
  • Provides nitrogen (main one)
  • supplies soil binding factors
  • has colloidal properties
  • increases water holding capacity
  • improves soil aeration
  • reduces soil erosion
  • modifies soil temp
  • acts as a soil buffer against rapid pH alterations
58
Q

Total pore space

A

is usually lower and water content higher at greater depths

-50%

59
Q

what is pore space occupied by

A

Air and water

60
Q

What is the purpose of tillage

A
  • Seedbed prearation
  • Improves physical condition of soil
  • Weed control
  • Residue management
  • incorpration of chemicals
  • soil moisture mangement
61
Q

Types of tillage

A
  • conventional

- conservation

62
Q

What is conservation tillage

A

Leaves crops residue on soil surface
fallos
soil mulches
conservation of soil nitrates

63
Q

what is conventional tillage

A

buries crop residue

64
Q

Intertillage

A
  • Tilling in between row crops

- Primary purpose is weed control

65
Q

Whats the difference between primary and secondary tillage implements

A

Primary cuts deeper into the soil than secondary

66
Q

Depth of seeding

A
  • The larger the seed the deeper it can be planted
  • The dry the soil the deeper you can plant to put seeds into contact with moisture.
  • Seeds will emerge from greater depths in sandy soil or. clay soil
67
Q

What is the objective in spacing crop plants

A

the maximum yield on a unit area without sacrificing quality

68
Q

What is the pure live seed formula

A

100

69
Q

What weed is illegal to sell

A

Thistle

70
Q

What is dormancy

A

when a seed fails to grow immediately after maturity, even though external conditions favor germination, until they have passed through an after-ripening process

71
Q

What is scarification

A

involves cutting the seed coat using abrasion, thermal stress, or chemicals to encourage germination.

72
Q

What is stratification

A

the process of treating stored or collected seed prior to sowing to simulate natural winter conditions that a seed must endure before germination

73
Q

What is inoculation

A

the inoculation of seeds with a specific culture of bacteria

74
Q

What is germination

A

to develop into a plant or individual-the process where the embryo becomes activated and develops into a new plant.

75
Q

Chemical compositions

A

Grasses store most of their food supply as carbohydrate while legumes store most of their food supply as fat and oil. Thus legumes have higher fat and oil content and grasses have high carb. Content.

76
Q

Seed treatment

A

Scarification- scratching
Stratification-Chilling
Pesticides- more warmth and moisture more likely to prevent diseases.
Inoculation- seeds coated in inoculant
Rhizobium- microbe fix Nitrogen with Legumes
Mycorrhizae- Enhance nutrient and water uptake.

77
Q

Conditions necessary for germination

A
  • Ample supplies of water and nutrients
  • Suitable Temperature
  • Light
78
Q

Germination test

A
  • 100 seeds put into germination chamber
  • Count how many germinated
  • 4 separate tests needed
79
Q

Classification of seeds and their meaning

A 
Breeder-controlled by originator, or by sponsoring plant breeder
Foundation- White Label-handled to most nearly maintain specific genetic identity and purity and that may be designated or distributed by an agricultural experiment station.
Registered- Purple Label handled as to maintain satisfactory genetic identity and purity and that has been approved and certified by the certifying agency. This class of seed should be of a quality suitable for production of certified seed.
Certified- Blue Label-handled as to maintain satisfactory genetic identity and purity and that has been approved and certified by the certifying agency.
80
Q

test dates should be within how many years

A

5

81
Q

What are some examples of seed by products

A

Rice Bran
Rice Hulls
Corn Gluten
Soybean Meal

82
Q

Production system

A
  1. Inputs
    - Seed, Water, Fertilizers, Labor, Pesticides, Energy
  2. Biological Processes
    - Photosynthesis
    - Nutrient Cycling
    - Nitrogen Fixation
    - Biological COntrol
    - Mycorrhizal Effects
  3. Depletion of Inputs
    - Crop Removal
    - Nutrient Cycle Losses
    - Leaching
    - Erosion
  4. cultivar
    - human-made variations in plants achieved through plant breeding.
83
Q

Difference between natural and agrosysytem

A

Agrosystem

  • Limited diversity
  • Constant disruption
  • Nutrient losses replenished with external inputs

Natural ecosystem

  • High diversity
  • Equilibrium
  • Nutrient cycling
84
Q

Slash and burn

A
  • Not Sustainable
  • Land is cleared by slashing with tools then burned using ashes for fertilizer. After loss of nutrients land is abandoned/
85
Q

Monoculture

A
  • Cultivated population of a single species
  • Easy to manage
  • Limited diversity
  • Less Adaptable
86
Q

Polyculture

A
  • Planting multiple crops in the same field
  • Increased diversity
  • More adaptable
  • More complicated to manage
87
Q

Seed storage

A

Increase disaster and maintain diversity

88
Q

Purity test

A
  • % other crops
  • % common weed
  • % restricted Noxious Weeds
  • prohibited Noxious Weeds
  • 3,000 seeds
89
Q

Alley cropping

A

system in which one crop is planted in the open areas of another
Example: Planting squash with corn….Planting forage in a pecan orchard

90
Q

Strip cropping

A

Planting crops in strips across the field

Example: Corn and alfalfa

91
Q

Double cropping

A

Growing a second crop after the first crop of the season has been harvested
Example: Planting soybean after harvesting wheat

92
Q

Cover cropping

A

Planting a crop after harvest of one cash crop and before planting another
Used to improve fertility and decrease erosion
Example: planting clover, pea, cowpea.

93
Q

Nurse cropping

A

Overlap planting
Planted before desired crop to suppress weed growth while the economic crop develops in the field
Nurse Crop will then be controlled with chemicals
Examples: Onions with carrots, oats with alfalfa

94
Q

Multiple cropping

A

Crop Rotation

  • Biodiversity
  • Growing a different crop in the same field each year
  • Benefits- Pest Control and reduce fertilizer
95
Q

What do plants compete for

A

-Light, Water and Nutrients
-They compete by
-Allelopathy- secrete toxic substance to harm plants around them
-Toxins harmful to herbivores
Ex.Prickly plants
-intraspecific- 2 lants of the same species
-Interspecific- 2 plants of different species

96
Q

Agroforestry

A

Windbreaks - line of trees or shrubs planted to protect an area’s
Prevents soil erosion and protect crops, livestock etc.

97
Q

Riparian Areas

A

Natural or planted woodland adjacent to streams or water bodies comprised of trees, shrubs, and grasses
Provide a buffer against pollution such as: excess nutrient and pesticide runoff.

Crops Test 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions