Chapter 5-8 Flashcards
Pavlov and the factors that determine a CR development
- The CS and the US must be paired together in time
- The CS must consistency lead up to the occurrence of the US.
- CS must provide more reliable information
- the strength of the CS affects the strength of the CR following a CS-US pairing
- Strength of the CR is affected by the intensity of the US,CS or both
Trace conditioning
CS begins and ends before US
Simultaneous conditioning
CS and US are presented together
Backward Conditioning
least effective, US is presented and terminated before the CS
Temporal Conditioning
On schedule, no CS.
Blocking
prevention of the acquisition of a CR to a seconf stimulus
Vicarious Conditioning
modeling
respond to a stimulus after observing the experiences of others
contingency
relationship between behavior and reinforcement
environment determines this
Skinner Box
an enclosure in which an animal is maintained free from distracting stimuli and receive reinforcement for reward
Fundamental Law of Operant Conditioning
the occurrence of a operant is followed by an reinforcer then the rate of responding will increase
Shaping
slowly coaxed them into doing a desired behavior
Two types of chaining
Forward and Backward chaining
Edward Throndike and his Research
focused on animal intelligence, he would present animals with a problem and then give the problem again to see if performance was improved, and his conclusions were given behavior has one of two kinds of consequences or effects.
Examples of throndikes research
chicken in maze and puzzle box
Law of effect
the relationship between behaviors and its consequence
Barry 1958
his study was rats divided into 2 groups and one group didn’t have food for 26.5 hours and the other group for 2.5 hours the rats that didn’t have food were a longer amount of time ran faster to get to the food
Contiguity
time
Contingency Managent
1st the assessment phase
2nd contingency contracting
3rd Implementation Program
Response Cost vs Time Out
Response Cost is having a consequence because you did something and Time out is limited time that you are kept from reinforcement
Aversives
unpleasant stimuli that induces change in behavior
Azrin, Hutchinson, and McLaughlin
squirrel monkey and a ball they found that is was pleasing to agress to something after punishment
Learned Helplessness
shock seemed to teach dogs to do nothing and learned to be helpless
Learned industriousness
increases the tendencies to work hard at difficult tasks for a long period of time
Seligmans Research
prepared and contraprepared, tend to give up then fight for control
Bramel, Taub, and Blum
Their study was that people reported feeling good after being aggressive
Bandura, Ross, and Ross
Frustration Study- kids seen a preschool model act aggressive towards a doll and the kids that seen the model ended up acting aggressive towards the doll too
Hokanson and colleagues
looked at blood pressure and blood pressure was high when punished and angry after releasing anger blood pressure was lowered
Dryer and Church
looked at rats in a T-maze and the rats that were shocked those rats would attack other rats so they could release aggression
Graduated vs. Participant Modeling
this was introduced by Bandura Grusecianel and Menlove, patient sees model move closer and closer until feared object is encountered.
Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, and Sears
came up with the stimulus/response theory
social attachments are acquired as the result of classical conditioning experiences
attachment to other people reflect the development of acquired motives
Premack’s Principles
different behaviors have different relative values because some behavior occur more. high probablity behavior can be used to reinforced low probability behavior
Relative Value Theory
attributes a reinforcer effectiveness to its probability relative to other behaviors
Drive Reduction Theory
Hull; learning»> adaptive process, drive is an internal arousal produced by deprivations and to reduce drive
Equilibrium Theory
seeks order
Response Deprivation Theory
animals programmed to exhibit specific level of responding to object importance to survival NEED BALANCE
Types of Punishment
Positive- organism responds and then receives some form of aversive stimulation
Negative- loss of reward or not being able to obtain reward
Types of Reinforcement
positive- reinforcer that reinforces by its presentation
negative- reinforcer that reinforcers by its removal
primary- innate reinforcing properties (food)
secondary- reinforcing properties through its association with a primary reinforcer
Olds and Milner
Pleasure is within the brain, brain stimulation reward, small wire in the rats brain
Stretching the ratio
this is when there is a gradual building up of responses for small amounts of reward
ex: increasing gambling behavior
Ratio Strain
this the general weakening of responding found when large response reinforcer ratios are used
Extinction
elimination of the CR
3 factors that lead to extinction
- strength of the CR
- percentage of trials
- length of exposure `
Matching Law
Herrenstein; the organisms behavior will come to mirror the contingencies of reward
behavior 1 = reward 1
Hull vs. Hall
Hull; extinction process is a mirror image of acquisition
- stronger the CR the slower the extinction, of that response
Hall; omission of the US during extinction changes the subjects motivation level
- getting rid of motivation
FR
constant number of responses are necessary to produce reinforcement
- continuous reinforcement
- most rapid way of reinforcement
- post reinforcement pause
VR
an average number of responses produces reinforcement -number of responses change within different environments
- produces a consistent response rate
- no reinforcement pause
FI
the occurrence of reinforcement depends on both the passage of time and the exhibition of the appropriate behavior
- no reinforcement until after a specific time period
- scallop effect
VI
interval of time between available reinforcement is an average the interval of time varies from one reinforcement to the next
- steady rate of responding
- the longer the interval the lower the response rate
DRH
effective
min number of responses occur in a given time period
people tend to respond to a DRH schedule, as if it were an FI
if level of responding is too high, lack of reinforcement will decrease response rate until, no response
DRL
rate of low responding
reinforcement can be scheduled contingent up on a low rate of responding
decreases responses
reinforcement is reinforced with the last behavior of the interval
DRO
differential reinforcements of other behaviors
getting rid of unwanted behavior
reinforce only if there is an absence of a particular response in a specific period of time
reinforces failure to do a specific behavior
DRI
differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior
reinforces behavior that cannot be performed at the at the same time
unwanted behavior rate lowers
Concurient Schedule
widely studied
more of a choice and getting a pattern
matching law
Tandem Schedule
must complete the requirements of each schedule in succession before reinforcement is given
ex: task»task»task» REINFORCEMENT
Chain Schedule
each separate schedule is signaled by an external
ex: driving and stoping at stop signs
Mixed Schedule
may obtain reinforcement during each individual schedule but schedules are presented sequentially and in random order
ex: starting with the chores that I want to do then getting praise for each chore that I do
Multiple Schedule
each schedule is signaled by a cue, obtain reward during each schedule but they are presented in random and sequential order
Sidman Avoidance Schedule
a procedure where brief aversive stimuli are presented at fixed intervals in the absence of a response
Conditioned Reinforcers
Delayed, trace, simultaneous, backward, temporal, higher order
Types of Reinforcement
positive, negative, punishment and extinction
Types of Punishment
positive and negative
Punisher
this leads to fear
Two-process theory of punishment
involves both pavlovian and operant procedures
rat presses lever(CS) and receives shock
