Chapter 5

Question 1

Abolitionist

Answer 1

a person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment or (formerly) slavery.

Question 2

Affirmative Action

Answer 2

(in the context of the allocation of resources or employment) the practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously.

Question 3

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Answer 3

federal legislation passed in 1990 that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities. Employers are required to make reasonable accommodations in order for a disabled person to perform their job function.

Question 4

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Answer 4

was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that American state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.

Question 5

Cesar Chavez

Answer 5

an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (later the United Farm Workers union, UFW) in 1962.

Question 6

Civil rights

Answer 6

the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.

Question 7

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 7

a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers

Question 8

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Answer 8

sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction era in response to civil rights violations against African Americans, “to protect all citizens in their civil and legal rights”, giving them equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service.

Question 9

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 9

a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, and racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations.

Question 10

Dolora Huerta

Answer 10

an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Cesar Chavez, is a co-founder of the National Farmworkers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers (UFW).

Question 11

Dredscott vs. Sandford (1857)

Answer 11

legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 6, 1857, ruled (7–2) that a slave (Dred Scott) who had resided in a free state and territory (where slavery was prohibited) was not thereby entitled to his freedom; that African Americans were not and could never be citizens of the United States

Question 12

Dwight Eisenhower

Answer 12

an American army general and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was a five-star general in the United States Army and served as supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe.

Question 13

Eleanor Roosevelt

Answer 13

was an American political figure, diplomat and activist. … Returning to the U.S., she married her fifth cousin once removed, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in 1905.

Question 14

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 14

was an American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women’s rights movement.

Question 15

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 15

an executive order issued on January 1, 1863, by President Lincoln freeing slaves in all portions of the United States not then under Union control (that is, within the Confederacy).

Question 16

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Answer 16

a United States labor law amending the Fair Labor Standards Act, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex. It was signed into law on June 10, 1963, by John F. Kennedy as part of his New Frontier Program.

Question 17

Equal Protection Laws

Answer 17

a clause within the text of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides “nor shall any State […] deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws”

Question 18

Equal Rights Amendment

Answer 18

a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. It seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce, property, employment, and other matters

Question 19

Fifteenth Amendment

Answer 19

prohibits the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen’s “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”.

Question 20

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 20

granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to African Americans and slaves who had been emancipated after the American Civil War, including them under the umbrella phrase “all persons born or naturalized in the United States.”

Question 21

Frederick Douglass

Answer 21

United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)

Question 22

Grandfather Clause

Answer 22

a clause exempting certain classes of people or things from the requirements of a piece of legislation affecting their previous rights, privileges, or practices.

Question 23

Harriet Tubman

Answer 23

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Question 24

Harry S Truman

Answer 24

A political leader of the twentieth century. A Democrat, Truman was president from 1945 to 1953. In 1944, after representing Missouri in the Senate, Truman was elected vice president under President Franklin D. Roosevelt and became president when Roosevelt died.

Question 25

Intermediate Standard Review

Answer 25

the second level of deciding issues using judicial review.

Question 26

Jim Crow Laws

Answer 26

state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period. The laws were enforced until 1965.

Question 27

John F. Kennedy

Answer 27

35th President of the United States; established the Peace Corps; assassinated in Dallas (1917-1963)

Question 28

Korematsu v. US (1944)

Answer 28

a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of their citizenship.

Question 29

Lawrence vs. Texas (2003)

Answer 29

a landmark civil rights case by the United States Supreme Court. The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.

Question 30

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

Answer 30

the oldest survivingLatino civil rights organization in the U.S. It was established on February 17, 1929, in Corpus Christi, Texas, largely by Hispanic veterans of World War I who sought to end ethnic discrimination against Latinos in the United States.

Question 31

LGBT Community

Answer 31

a loosely defined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, LGBT organizations, and subcultures, united by a common culture and social movements. These communities generally celebrate pride, diversity, individuality, and sexuality.

Question 32

Lucretia Mott

Answer 32

was a U.S. Quaker, abolitionist, women’s rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840.

Question 33

Martin Luther King Jr.

Answer 33

an American civil rights activist and Baptist minister who first rose to prominence as leader of the Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott challenging segregated public transportation.

Question 34

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)

Answer 34

a national non-profit civil rights organization formed in 1968 to protect the rights of Latinos in the United States.

Question 35

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Answer 35

an organization formed on February 18, 1890 to advocate in favor of women’s suffrage in the United States. … It played a pivotal role in the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which in 1920 guaranteed women’s right to vote.

Question 36

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Answer 36

a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey.

Question 37

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF)

Answer 37

a leading United States civil rights organization and law firm based in New York City.

Question 38

National Organization of Women (NOW)

Answer 38

American activist organization (founded 1966) that promotes equal rights for women. Its initial major concern was passage of a national Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution.

Question 39

National Woman’s Party (NWP)

Answer 39

an American women’s political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women’s suffrage.

Question 40

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 40

to the United States Constitution prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex

Question 41

Obergefell vs Hodges

Answer 41

a landmark civil rights case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Question 42

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Answer 42

a U.S. Supreme Court case from 1896 that upheld the rights of states to pass laws allowing or even requiring racial segregation in public and private institutions such as schools, public transportation, restrooms, and restaurants.

Question 43

Poll tax

Answer 43

a tax levied on every adult, without reference to income or resource

Question 44

Progressive Era (1890-1920)

Answer 44

Progressivism is the term applied to a variety of responses to the economic and social problems rapid industrialization introduced to America. Progressivism began as a social movement and grew into a political movement

Question 45

Rational basis standard of review

Answer 45

the normal standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 46

Rosa Parks

Answer 46

an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has called her “the first lady of civil rights” and “the mother of the freedom movement”

Question 47

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 47

the first women’s rights convention. It advertised itself as “a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman”. Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19–20, 1848

Question 48

Seperate but equal doctrine

Answer 48

a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed “equal protection” under the law to all people.

Question 49

Standards of review

Answer 49

the amount of deference given by one court in reviewing a decision of a lower court or tribunal. A low standard of review means that the decision under review will be varied or overturned if the reviewing court considers there is any error at all in the lower court’s decision.

Question 50

Strict scrutiny

Answer 50

the most stringent standard of judicial review used by United States courts. It is part of the hierarchy of standards that courts use to determine which is heavier, a constitutional right or principle or the government’s interest against the observance of the principle.

Question 51

Suffrage Movement

Answer 51

began in 1848, when a woman’s rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York. Thus, over time women began to realize that in order to achieve reform, they needed to win the right to vote.

Question 52

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 52

a US teacher who was a leader of the campaign for women’s right to vote. In 1869, she and Elizabeth Cady Stanton established the National Woman Suffrage Association.

Question 53

Suspect Classification

Answer 53

any classification of groups meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination.

Question 54

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 54

abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

Question 55

Title IX

Answer 55

a federal civil rights law in the United States of America that was passed as part of the Education Amendments of 1972.

Question 56

Thurgood Marshall

Answer 56

an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991.Marshall was the Court’s 96th justice and its first African-American justice.

Question 57

United States vs. Windsor

Answer 57

a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court held that restricting U.S. federal interpretation of “marriage” and “spouse” to apply only to opposite-sex unions, by Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), is unconstitutional