Chapter 5

Question 1

Harriet Tubman

Answer 1

Born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820s, Tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the Underground Railroad. She led more than seventy people to freedom in the North, served in the Union during the Civil War, and championed women’s suffrage.

Question 2

abolitionist

Answer 2

A supporter, especially in the early nineteenth century, of ending the institution of slavery.

Question 3

civil rights

Answer 3

The government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals.

Question 4

equal protection clause

Answer 4

Section of the Fourteenth Amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws”.

Question 5

Frederic Douglass

Answer 5

A former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist, writer and suffragist.

Question 6

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 6

Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls Convention, Stanton later founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) with Susan B. Anthony.

Question 7

Lucretia Mott

Answer 7

Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organized the Seneca Falls Convention.

Question 8

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 8

The first major feminist meeting, held in New York State in 1848, which produced the historic “ Declaration of Sentiments” calling for equal rights for women.

Question 9

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Answer 9

A Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans. Dred Scott heightened tensions between the pro-slavery South and the abolitionist North in the run up to the Civil War.

Question 10

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 10

President Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1, 1863, in the third year of the Civil War. It freed all slaves in states that were in active rebellion against the United States.

Question 11

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 11

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War: specifically bans slavery in the United States.

Question 12

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 12

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all U.S. citizens.

Question 13

Fifteenth Amendment

Answer 13

One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves.

Question 14

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 14

Nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Anthony later formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which along with the National Woman’s Party (NWP) helped to ensure ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.

Question 15

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Answer 15

Passed by Congress to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantees of equal protection to African Americans. Granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions.

Question 16

Jim Crow laws

Answer 16

Laws enacted by Southern states that required segregation in public schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations.

Question 17

poll taxes

Answer 17

Taxes levied in many southern states and localities that has to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot.

Question 18

grandfather clause

Answer 18

Voter qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those citizens whose grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test.

Question 19

Progressive Era (1890-1920)

Answer 19

A period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in the United States.

Question 20

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Answer 20

Supreme Court case that challenged a Louisiana statute requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites; the Court found that separate-but-equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 21

separate-but-equal doctrine

Answer 21

The central tenet of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision that claimed that separate accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the Constitution. This doctrine was used by southern states to pass widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the nineteenth century.

Question 22

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Answer 22

An important rights organization founded in 1909 to oppose segregation, racism, and voting rights violations targeted against African Americans.

Question 23

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Answer 23

Organization created by joining the National and American Woman Suffrage Associations.

Question 24

suffrage movement

Answer 24

The drive for voting rights for women that took place in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.

Question 25

National Woman’s Party (NWP)

Answer 25

A militant suffrage organization founded in the early twentieth century. Members of the NWP were arrested, jailed, and even force-fed by authorities when they went on hunger strikes to secure voting rights for women.

Question 26

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 26

Amendment to the Constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote.

Question 27

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF)

Answer 27

The legal arm of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education and a host of other key civil rights cases.

Question 28

Thurgood Marshall

Answer 28

A leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the NAACP’s Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Marshall was the first African American appointed to the Supreme Court and served on the Court from 1967 until 1991.

Question 29

Harry S. Truman

Answer 29

The thirty-third president, a Democrat, who served from 1945 until 1953. Truman became president when Franklin D. Roosevelt died in office; he led the United States through the end of World War II and the start of the Cold War.

Question 30

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Answer 30

U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violate the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection of the law.

Question 31

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Answer 31

The thirty-fourth president, a Republican, who served from 1953 to 1961. Eisenhower commanded Allied Forces during World War II.

Question 32

Rosa Parks

Answer 32

A leading civil rights activist of the twentieth century. Parks was most notably involved with the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Question 33

Martin Luther King Jr.

Answer 33

A Baptist minister, proponent of nonviolence and the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968.

Question 34

John F. Kennedy

Answer 34

The thirty-fifth president, a Democrat, who served from 1961 to 1963 and marked a generational shift in U.S. politics at the height of the Cold War. He was assassinated November 22, 1963.

Question 35

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Answer 35

Wide-ranging legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Question 36

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Answer 36

The leading activist group of the women’s right movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s.

Question 37

Eleanor Rosevelt

Answer 37

First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the U.S.’s first delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and later chaired the UN’s Commission on Human Rights.

Question 38

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Answer 38

Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work.

Question 39

Title IX

Answer 39

Provision of Education Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students.

Question 40

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Answer 40

Proposed amendment to the Constitution that states “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied of abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex”.

Question 41

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

Answer 41

An activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and promote assimilation among, Americans of Hispanic origin.

Question 42

Cesar Chavez

Answer 42

Labor organization who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the United Farm Workers Union (UFW) in the 1960s.

Question 43

Dolores Huerta

Answer 43

Labor organizer who, with Cesar Chavez, founded the United Farm Workers Union (UFW) in the 1960s.

Question 44

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)

Answer 44

An organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic heritage.

Question 45

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 45

A law passed by Congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the U.S. from China.

Question 46

Korematsu v. U.S.

Answer 46

A Supreme Court ruling that upheld the authority of the U.S. government to require mass interment of people of Japanese ancestry in the United States during World War II.

Question 47

LGBT Community

Answer 47

A minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people.

Question 48

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Answer 48

A 2003 Supreme Court ruling that anti-sodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy.

Question 49

United States v Windsor (2013)

Answer 49

A supreme Court ruling striking down the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which prohibited federal recognition of same-sex marriages.

Question 50

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Answer 50

Supreme Court ruling that held that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the Constitution.

Question 51

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Answer 51

A law enacted by Congress in 1990 designed to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide ranged of disabilities.

Question 52

standards of review

Answer 52

The levels of deference the Court gives government to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. These standards stem from the Court’s need to ensure that laws do not undermine the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause.

Question 53

suspect classifications

Answer 53

Category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard or scrutiny from the Supreme Court.

Question 54

strict scrutiny

Answer 54

A heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. Legislation affected the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press as well as suspect classifications are automatically accorded this level of review.

Question 55

affirmative action

Answer 55

Policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group.

Question 56

intermediate standard of review

Answer 56

A standard of review in which the Court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective and are substantially related to serving that objective. Gender-related legislation automatically accorded this level of review.

Question 57

rational basis standard of review

Answer 57

A standard of review in which the Court determines whether any rational foundation for the discrimination exists. Legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, mental capacity are generally given this level of review.