Chapter 5

Question 1

___ ___ in programming languages are used to make programs more readable by naming actions to be performed.

Answer 1

Special words

Question 2

A ___ ___ is a special word of a programming language that cannot be used as a name.

Answer 2

Reserved word

Question 3

A program ___ is an abstraction of a computer memory cell or collection of cells.

Answer 3

variable

Question 4

A variable is characterized by 6 attributes. What are they?

Answer 4

Name
Address
Value
Type
Lifetime
Scope

Question 5

The address of a variable is the ___ ___ address with which it is associated.

Answer 5

machine memory

Question 6

When more than one variable name can be used to access the same memory location, the variables are called ___.

Answer 6

Aliases

Question 7

The ___ of a variable determines the range of values the variable can store and the set of operations that are defined for values of the that ___.

Answer 7

Type

Question 8

The ___ of a variable is the contents of the memory cell or cells associated with the variable

Answer 8

value

Question 9

a variable’s value is sometimes called its ___ because it is what is required when the name of the variable appears in the right side of an assignment statement.

Answer 9

r-value

Question 10

A ___ is an association between an attribute and an entity, such as between a variable and its type or value, or between an operation and a symbol.

Answer 10

binding

Question 11

The time in which the associations with a variable are made are called its ___ time.

Answer 11

binding

Question 12

IN: count = count + 5;

The type of count is bound at ___ time.

Answer 12

compile

Question 13

IN: count = count + 5;

The set of possible values of count is bound at ___ ___ time.

Answer 13

compiler design

Question 14

IN: count = count + 5;

The meaning of the operator symbol + is bound at ___ time, when the types of its operands have been determined.

Answer 14

compile

Question 15

IN: count = count + 5;

The internal representation of the literal 5 is bound at ___ ___ time

Answer 15

compiler design

Question 16

IN: count = count + 5;

The value of count is bound at ___ time with this statement.

Answer 16

execution

Question 17

A binding is ___ if it first occurs before run time begins and remains unchanged through program execution.

Answer 17

static

Question 18

If the binding first occurs during run time or can change in the course of program execution, it is called ___

Answer 18

dynamic

Question 19

An ___ ___ is a statement in a program that lists variable names and specifies that they are a particular type.

Answer 19

explicit declaration

Question 20

An ___ ___ is a means of associating variables with types through default conventions, rather than declaration statements.

Answer 20

implicit declaration

Question 21

The memory cell to which a variable is bound somehow must be taken from a pool of available memory; this process is called ___

Answer 21

allocation

Question 22

___ is the process of placing a memory cell that has been unbound from a variable back into the pool of available memory.

Answer 22

Deallocation

Question 23

The ___ of a variable is the time during which the variable is bound to a specific memory location.

Answer 23

lifetime

Question 24

A ___ ___ is one that is bound to a memory cell before program execution begins and remains bound to that same memory cell until program execution terminates.

Answer 24

static variable

Question 25

___-___ variables are those whose storage binding are created when their declaration statements are elaborated, but whose types are statically bound.

Answer 25

stack-dynamic

Question 26

___ refers to the storage allocation and binding process indicated by the variable’s declaration, which takes place when execution reaches the code to which the declaration is attached.

Answer 26

Elaboration

Question 27

An advantage of __ variables is efficiency; addressing can be direct and no run-time overhead is incurred for allocation and deallocation.

Answer 27

static

Question 28

A disadvantage of ___ binding is reduced flexibility; a language that has only static variables cannot support recursive subprograms.

Answer 28

static binding

Question 29

An advantage of ___-___ variables is it allows for recursive subprograms by creating dynamic local storage for each active copy of the local variable.

Answer 29

stack-dynamic

Question 30

A disadvantage of ___-___ is the overhead required for allocation and deallocation.

Answer 30

stack-dynamic

Question 31

___ ___-___ variables are nameless (abstract) memory cells that are allocated and deallocated by explicit run-time instructions written by the programmer.

Answer 31

explicit heap-dynamic

Question 32

The ___ is a collection of storage cells whose organization is highly disorganized due to the unpredictability of its use.

Answer 32

heap

Question 33

___ ___-___ variables are often used to construct dynamic structures, such as linked lists and tress, that need to grow and/or shrink during execution.

Answer 33

Explicit heap-dynamic

Question 34

The disadvantages of ___ ___-___ variables are the difficulty of using pointer and reference variables correctly, the cost of references to the variables and the complexity of the required storage management implementation.

Answer 34

explicit heap-dynamic

Question 35

___ ___-___ variables are bound to heap storage only when they are assigned values.

Answer 35

Implicit heap-dynamic

Question 36

The advantage of ___ ___-___ variables is that they have the highest degree of flexibility, allowing highly generic code to be written.

Answer 36

Implicit heap-dynamic

Question 37

One disadvantage of ___ ___-___ variables is the run-time overhead of maintaining all the dynamic attributes, which could include array subscript types and ranges among others

Answer 37

Implicit heap-dynamic

Question 38

The ___ of a variable is the range of statements in which the variable is visible.

Answer 38

scope

Question 39

A variable is ___ in a statement if it can be referenced or assigned in that statement.

Answer 39

visible

Question 40

___ scoping is when the scope of a variable can be determined prior to execution.

Answer 40

static

Question 41

___ scoping is based on the calling sequence of subprograms, not on their spatial relationship to each other and can only be determined at run time.

Answer 41

Dynamic

Question 42

The ___ ___ of a statement is the collection of all variables that are visible in the statement.

Answer 42

referencing environment

Question 43

A ___ ___ is a variable that is bound to a value only once.

Answer 43

named constant

Question 44

A binding of a variable to a value at the time it is bound to storage is called ___.

Answer 44

initialization