Chapter 5 Flashcards
test
Explain the difference between macro-composing and micro-composing. (48-50)
Macro is in the early and middle stages. By the final stages the focus is on micro-composing - word choice, grammar, source integration, and sentence construction.
What is selective reading? (48-50)
Reading designed to meet a specific objective, such as scanning for main ideas or reading for details.
What is scanning? (48-50)
Scanning is a form of selective reading in which you skim a section or an entire text.
Look at content markers such as headings, visuals, graphs, and places where material is summarized.
What is the difference between a general scan and a target scan? (48-50)
A general scan you determine the gist of the reading.
In a target scan you locate specific concepts or key words or phrases. In research AFTER you have narrowed your topic and have your key words.
What is a subject index? (48-50)
A list of important words in a printed test, in alphabetical order and usually at the end.
Where in a paragraph is the main idea usually found? (48-50)
The main idea is usually found in the topic sentence.
Where is the thesis usually found in an academic essay? (48-50)
In an academic essay the thesis is usually at the end of the introduction.
How can a subject index help you? (48-50)
You can look in a subject index for specific pages that have the topic you want to read about.
If you are going to use a whole work and summarize in for your essay, what type of scan should you do?(48-50)
general scan
If you are going to assess the usefulness of a text and see if it has relevant content for your essay, what type of scan should you do?(48-50)
Target scan
What is a reading hypothesis?(48-50)
a reading hypothesis is your prediction about the essay’s content or other elements such as the writer’s style or tone.
what is the purpose of a reading hypothesis?(48-50)
the purpose of a reading hypothesis is to solidify your expectations about the essay.
what could a reading hypothesis include? (48-50)
-short paragraphs, what is it about? what is the author trying to prove? how do he/she accomplish this? What specific strategies will you use when you read the text.
what is focussed reading? (48-50)
Focussed reading is a reading strategy in which close attention is paid to sentence and words in order to extract detail, tone, style, relevance etc.
Is focussed reading just about understanding the content? (48-50)
NO - focussed reading is looking at rhetorical strategies, tone, stylistic elements. You are using your critical thinking skills.
Why, in focussed reading, do you focus on one passage at a time? (48-50)
You read with purpose to see if the passage supports your thesis about the significance or your interpretation of the text.
What are rhetorical patterns?(52-55)
patterns that make the reading easier to figure out.
e.g.: cause and effect, chronology, compare/contrast, definition, problem-solution
what are transitional words and phrases?(52-55)
words and phrases that connect ideas in a sentence or paragraph or between paragraphs
what is a topic sentence?(52-55)
a sentence that contains the main idea in the paragraph
what do transitions and transitional phrases improve?(52-55)
the coherence of a sentence or paragraph or essay -they link the ideas together so you can see how they are related
Why are examples sometimes put into parentheses? (52-55)( )
so that they do not distract from the main idea.
What does it mean when you say a paragraph was developed deductively?(52-55)
the topic sentence was quite general, and the rest of the paragraph has examples and specific statements that support the topic sentence.
What do eclipses mean? …(52-55)
some words have been omitted
What does it mean when you say a paragraph was developed inductively? (52-55)
the specific statements about something are made at the start of the paragraph, and then the topic sentence comes towards the end of the paragraph - a bit like it is summarizing the pieces you have just read.
What question should you ask yourself if you are looking for the topic sentence? (52-55)
Which sentence describes what this paragraph is about.
sometimes, but not always, the first sentence.
Do all paragraphs have topic sentences?(52-55)
No - sometimes a paragraph is continuing to explain the topic sentence of the paragraph above it.
what is the difference between strategic repetition and needless repetition?(52-55)
Needless repetition is boring and useless
Strategic repetition is used for effect, to stress an important term/concept, places stress where the writer wants it to be, helps the reader know what is important
What is a paragraph wrap? (it’s a bit like repetition)(52-55)
sums up the main idea of he paragraph,
recalls the topic sentence (restates in a new way)
usually the last sentence
What is a prompt? (52-55)
A word or phrase that directs readers to important content rather than containing important content itself.
As a reader and writer, why is important to know about transitions, repetition, prompts and other strategies?(52-55)
If you use them, then your writing has better coherence. When you recognize them in your reading, it helps you to understand what you are reading.
What are structural and content clues? (52-55)
Rhetorical patterns, transitions, topic sentence and strategic repetition
They help the reader to find the important information
what is a denotation of a word? (52-55)
The dictionary definition.
what is the connotation of a word? (52-55)
The meaning we associate with a word, such as skinny, plump, buxom, fat, scrawny, slim
the implications that are associated with that word
How can you tell the connotation a writer is implying by using a certain word? (52-55)
use the context clues in the writing around that particular word.
look at the passage itself, not necessarily the exact meaning in the dictionary
what is a thesis statement? (65-70)
a claim of some sort
what must a claim have?(65-70)
support
if you write about a poem, where will the support come from? (65-70)
Primary source - the poem itself
if you are writing a research paper, where will the support come from? (65-70)
what other people have discovered about your topic - secondary sources
how should you organize your support?(65-70)
in a logical and consistent way that shows the relationship between each claim and its support
how can you clarify the relationships between your ideas?(65-70)
you create an outline
what is an outline?(65-70)
an outline is a linear or graphic/diagrammatic representation of the essay and a plan you can use in the composing stage so you stay on track
- shows main and sub-points
- shows essay structure
what forms can an outline take?(65-70)
- brief sketch notes of ideas in an sequential order
- numbered, and lettered points and sub-points that are very detailed.
What are some things to consider when making an outline? (65-70)
- how do ideas relate to the thesis
- how do sub-points relate to the main points
- do I have enough main points to support the thesis
- are any points irrelevant or out of place
- are they in the most effective order
- are my points logically related - do they flow
- can the points be expanded any more
What is composing?(65-70)
writing the first draft - focus on getting ideas down
What is revising?(65-70)
revise means to ‘see again’ - not just punctuation fixing.
how long should you wait before revising?(65-70)
a few hours at least
What should you look for when revising?(65-70)
-essay’s purpose and audience, structure, support, and clarity.
-look at it as if it is the first time you have seen it
-ask the same questions as when you made your outline
-check for grammar and concision (cutting out of unnecessary words - i.e. concise)
-check spelling/typos, missed words
CHECK FORMAT – no kidding
What are the glaring mistakes that your instructor will see right away?(65-70)
-grammar errors, lack of coherence, faulty word choice, wordiness, typos, mechanical errors
What are some things to think about with content and structure? (65-70)
*just review these, doubtful you need to memorize
- has the introduction set the purpose of the essay
- is the purpose consistent throughout the essay
- is there a particular audience
- is the thesis statement consistent with the essay
- paragraphs one main idea
- different kinds of evidence
- do examples/illustrations help with abstract ideas
- are all points easy to understand
What are some things to think about with grammar and style?(65-70)
*just review these, doubtful you need to memorize
- sentence fragments
- punctuation, semi colons/colons used correctly
- apostrophes for possession
- subject/verb agreement with tense and number
- pronouns refer back to the correct noun
- pronoun consistently used i.e. he/she or their we/us etc
- misplace/dangling modifiers
- used the BEST word you can
- avoid repetition
What are some things to think about with mechanics?(65-70)
- citations are correct
- all references accounted for
- word count, essay length correct
- proofread properly
- read each syllable carefully
what is the process-reflective method?(65-70)
the plan evolves as you write from your notes and reminders about important points, in contrast to the linear plan model of an outline approach
process-reflective is more likely in an exam situation where you don’t have time to make an outline - just jot notes to remind you of ideas
What makes a strong paragraph? (72-77)
unified, coherent and well-developed
What is a claim? (65-70)
an assertion about a topic appearing in the thesis statement and topic sentences
What is a simple thesis?(65-70)
a statement that announces the topic and makes a comment about it
What is an expanded thesis? (65-70)
an essay plan, includes the main points in the order they will appear in the essay
What are fact based claims? (65-70)
reliable studies and factual information is used for support
usually in science and social science essays
What are claims of value or policy? (65-70)
common in argumentative essays
argues that something is good or bad, or needs to change
What are interpretive claims? (65-70)
common in humanities essays
analyzing primary sources by using a specific frame of reference i.e.: feminist theory, literary motifs
A rhetorical or critical analysis is also using interpretive claims (the essay you analyze is the primary source
What does unified mean? (72-77)
only one idea is developed throughout the paragraph
-start a new paragraph if you start a new idea
What does coherent mean?(72-77)
ideas are logically laid out with clear connections (transitions) between them
-emphasis is clear
When should you divide a long paragraph that has the same topic? (72-77)
at a logical point such as a sub-point
What is reader based prose?(72-77)
When there has been a focus on the concerns of the reader - paragraph design for a particular audience, understandable, well organized prose, clarify relationships between points/sub-points
Strategies for coherent writing:
What is Logical Sentence Order
72-77
one sentence flows naturally from the preceding one, no sentences are out of order or off-topic
no gaps in thought for the reader to guess
Strategies for coherent writing:
What is Organizational Patterns
72-77
order the paragraphs in particular rhetorical patterns i.e.: cause/effect, problem-solution, analogy, etc
Strategies for coherent writing:
What is Precise Language
72-77
consider the words you use, choose the BEST WORD FOR THE GIVEN CONTEXT, always confirm the meaning of words that are not in your every day vocabulary
Strategies for coherent writing:
What is Appropriate Adverbial transitions
72-77
pick the right word to show the connection between ideas
Strategies for coherent writing:
What is Selective rephrasing and reiteration
72-77
knowledge of your audience - rephrase or reword to make a complex idea more understandable
Strategies for coherent writing:
What is repetition of key words/phrases or use of synonyms.
72-77
emphasize important ideas but avoid if unnecessary
Strategies for coherent writing:
What is parallel/balanced structure
72-77
balancing construction and repeating the patterns - pleasing to the eye and mind
Transitions can go inside a paragraph to show links between sentences: These are the links - what words might show these connections? summary cause time contrast addition concession or limit illustration sequence emphasis
summary - essentially
cause - consequently, thus
time - currently
contrast - however
addition - furthermore
concession or limit - admittedly, although, through, it is
true that, of course
illustration - for example, for instance, such as
sequence - first, second, third
emphasis - certainly, especially, in fact, indeed, undoubtedly
Strategies for coherent writing:
What is parallel/balanced structure
72-77
balancing construction and repeating the patterns - pleasing to the eye and mind
Transitions can go inside a paragraph to show links between sentences: These are the links - what words might show these connections? (72-77) summary cause time contrast addition concession or limit illustration sequence emphasis
summary - essentially
cause - consequently, thus
time - currently
contrast - however
addition - furthermore
concession or limit - admittedly, although, through, it is
true that, of course
illustration - for example, for instance, such as
sequence - first, second, third
emphasis - certainly, especially, in fact, indeed, undoubtedly
Rhetorical Pattern: What is definition? (79-85)
a pattern where a piece is written for a general audience unfamiliar with specialized terms. Definition often precedes large sections that focus on explaining or analyzing
Rhetorical Pattern: What is comparison and contrast? (79-85)
compare - similar
contrast - difference
make sure there is aa basis for comparison
ensure to evaluate based on the same standards
Rhetorical Pattern: What is comparison and contrast? (79-85)
compare - similar
contrast - difference
make sure there is aa basis for comparison
ensure to evaluate based on the same standards
What are the ways to organize a compare/contrast essay? (79-85)
- can the two things logically be compared i.e.: health in Canada vs health in the USA
- choose at least three things to compare (criteria)
- choose one of the two methods to compare by
a. block by block (English 10 method)
b. point by point (English 12 method)
What are the ways to organize a compare/contrast essay? (79-85)
- can the two things logically be compared i.e.: health in Canada vs health in the USA
- choose at least three things to compare (criteria)
- choose one of the two methods to compare by
a. block by block (English 10 method)
b. point by point (English 12 method)
What kinds of evidence are most often used in humanities? (79-85)
direct quotations from primary sources
What kinds of evidence are most often used in social sciences? (79-85)
statistics, interviews, questions, case studies and inter-personal observation
What kinds of evidence are most often used in sciences? (79-85)
direct experimentation
What is a case study? (79-85)
- a carefully selected example that is analyzed in detail in order to support a writer’s claim
- qualitative evidence (quantitative is numerical that can be measured, qualitative is observations, interviews)
- results can be generalized while ordinary examples cannot
What is hard evidence? (79-85)
facts, statistics and findings from empirical research
-provides strongest grounds of support
What is soft evidence? (79-85)
expert opinion, examples, illustrations and analogies
- less important than hard evidence
- helps explain a concept
Argumentative essays often include these types of evidence… (79-85)
analogies, precedents, expert opinion, personal experience
What factors affect credibility? (79-85)
knowledge, reliability, fairness
How do you show knowledge? (79-85)
well informed about topic, support each claim with solid and substantial evidence.
How do you show reliability? (79-85)
use conventions/citation style of discipline
- write correctly/effectively
- use efficient, precise words
- use credible and authoritative sources
- reason logically and avoid logical fallacies
How do you show fairness? (79-85)
use objective voice
acknowledge opposing points of view
look for common ground
avoid slanted language and emotional fallacies
What is the function of a conclusion? (79-85)
to summarize the thesis and/or main points in the body of an essay
What is a circular conclusion? (79-85)
a circular conclusion reinforces the thesis, restates the thesis, summarize the most important points in the essay
What is a spiral conclusion? (79-85)
a spiral conclusion suggests applications or further research
suggests common ground between your view and the opposing view
suggests solutions
What kinds of words lie at the heart of report writing? (79-85)
Action words - verbs -
eg. measured, designed, saw, recorded, evaluated, solved
What do reports show? (79-85)
The writing after a study has taken place - to answer a question and report on the findings
What types of reports are usually written? (79-85)
Scientists writing about their research. - usually to expand knowledge of science, fill in gaps in current knowledge
Engineers writing about investigations or recommendations. - usually to promote a course of action
How are reports organized? (79-85)
by HOW the information was gathered
This is a key difference between science and humanities writing - HOW it occurred
Writing about HOW the information was found is for reliability and ability to repeat the experiment
How does the APA American Psychological Association regulate report writing? (79-85)
They have a template that must be followed
What is IMRAD? (79-85)
IMRAD Introduction Methods Results and Discussions
What are each of the following? (79-85) Introduction Methods Results Discussions
Introduction - provide context, background, purpose, ends with hypothesis,
Methods - methodology how the study was conducted - i.e. lab, fieldwork, surveys,
Results - raw data - no discussion in this section
Discussions - conclusion - very specific APA rules - evaluate and interpret findings , what do the results really mean? finally answer the so what? can meaningful generalizations be drawn, further research suggested?
who loves you most in the entire world?
mommy does
