Chapter 5-7 Flashcards
Eukaryotes
- more complex than prokaryotes
- 10 micrometers to 100 micrometers in length
- true nucleus within a cell membrane
- cytoplasm called organelles are membrane boud with cell wall.
Example: plants, animals, humans protozoa, fungi, and algae
Isotonic solution
-has the same osmotic pressure as the solution in the cell. The cell remains unchanged.
Hypertonic solution (seawater)
-the cell will shrink and wrinkle because water molecules are moving out of the cell causeing cell death.
Hypotonic solution (freshwater)
- the cell will swell and burst because water molecules are moving into the cell.
- majority of bacteria.
what does osmosis need?
a permible membrane
Plasma Membrane
-allows inflow and outflow of waste products, nutrients, and cell secretions.
Active Movement Across the Cell Membrane
-Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) “energy”, is used to move substances from low concentration areas to high concentration areas.
Passive Movement Across the Cell Membrane
-Moves without Adenosine Triphoshate (ATP) from high constentration areas to low.
Example: Simple Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis.
Osmosis
Moving solvent molecules across a selectively permiable membrane from high solvent concentration to low solvent concentration.
Primary Solvent is?
Water
Solute
Substance dissolved in water.
Cell Wall
- only found in algae, plants cell and fungi.
- composed of cellular, ligin, and mineral salts.
- dosent contain peptidoglycan like prokaryotes.
- complex, insoluble in simple sugar like glucose.
- mold contains chitin (made like exoskeleton of insects)
- provide shape and protection to the cell.
Nucleus
- Spherical structure at the center of the cell.
- control center of organelles.
- surrounded by a nucleur membrane.
- designs and oversees construction of ribosomes.
Nucleur Membrane
- composed of membrane
- enclosed in nucleoplasm
- nucleoplasm contatins nucleolus and chromatin granules .
Ribosomes
-move to nucleur envolope to produce proteins.
Chromatin
stick-like, made of protein and DNA.
DNA
“blue print” of genetic info.
Chromosomes
hereditary gene that determine traits of the species.
Cytoplasm
“living material” organelles with in cytoplasm perform functions of cell cntrolled by DNA.
Endoplasmic reaction
form tubles through cytoplasm connectingto outside of the nucleus.
Golgi Complex
apparatus/golgi body, flattened pancakes sacs stacked atop of each other, connects and communicates to endoplasm reticulum.
lysosomes
- small vesicles produced by Golgi.
- contain lysosomes that desstroys foriegn substances.
mitochondrion
- “power plants” composed of two membranous sacs, one inside each other.
- produce energy (ATP).
- ATP main source of energy.
flagella
hair-like, help cell move through liquid environment.
cilia
like flagella but shorter hair and more in numbers aound the cell
Inclusion bodies
store inorganic carbon compounds.
Prokayotic
- Cell division by binary fission
- no membrane bound organelles
- no true nucleus, no nuclear membrane
- no nucleolus
- simple flagela, consisting of 2 protein building blocks; rotates for propulsion.
- complex cell wall with peptidoglycan
- DNA in circular chromosome, singular; no chromatin.
Symbiosis
two species living in close approximation
mutualism
two organisms in which both parties benefit
commensalism
one species benefits with the other unaffected
parasitism
one benefits and the other harmed
protozoa
- a single microbe
- extremely small 10 to 200 micrometers
- some visible with the naked eye @ 3mm.
- eukaryotic
- some species have multiple nuclei
- heterotrophs–> rely on food from organic and organic minerals
- use specialized cellular organelles called vacuoles for digestion.
- have nucleus.
- mitochondria used for energy.
- primitive cell wall.
- can survive alone or colonized.
- need water
- they form cyst until more favable conditions arrive.
algae
- most are autotrophs (self-feeders), through photosynthesis by organelles in cytoplasm called plastids or chloroplas.
- chlroplasts gives green, red, or blue color
- lichen are algae & fungi that can withstand nostile environment.
- seaplankton are essential to ocean food supply.
Fungi
- grow in dark, damp areas and can be harvested for food.
- heterotrophs
- release enzyme the breaks down organic matter into absorbant nutrients.
- 1st antibiotic, penicillin, created with mold.
Microbial growth
not size but number of cells
Growth requirements
Physical- temp, ph, and osmotic pressure.
Chemical- carbon source, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, trace elements, oxygen and growth factors.
