Chapter 5-7

Question 1

Eukaryotes

Answer 1

• more complex than prokaryotes
• 10 micrometers to 100 micrometers in length
• true nucleus within a cell membrane
• cytoplasm called organelles are membrane boud with cell wall.

Example: plants, animals, humans protozoa, fungi, and algae

Question 2

Isotonic solution

Answer 2

-has the same osmotic pressure as the solution in the cell. The cell remains unchanged.

Question 3

Hypertonic solution (seawater)

Answer 3

-the cell will shrink and wrinkle because water molecules are moving out of the cell causeing cell death.

Question 4

Hypotonic solution (freshwater)

Answer 4

• the cell will swell and burst because water molecules are moving into the cell.
• majority of bacteria.

Question 5

what does osmosis need?

Answer 5

a permible membrane

Question 6

Plasma Membrane

Answer 6

-allows inflow and outflow of waste products, nutrients, and cell secretions.

Question 7

Active Movement Across the Cell Membrane

Answer 7

-Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) “energy”, is used to move substances from low concentration areas to high concentration areas.

Question 8

Passive Movement Across the Cell Membrane

Answer 8

-Moves without Adenosine Triphoshate (ATP) from high constentration areas to low.

Example: Simple Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis.

Question 9

Osmosis

Answer 9

Moving solvent molecules across a selectively permiable membrane from high solvent concentration to low solvent concentration.

Question 10

Primary Solvent is?

Answer 10

Water

Question 11

Solute

Answer 11

Substance dissolved in water.

Question 12

Cell Wall

Answer 12

• only found in algae, plants cell and fungi.
• composed of cellular, ligin, and mineral salts.
• dosent contain peptidoglycan like prokaryotes.
• complex, insoluble in simple sugar like glucose.
• mold contains chitin (made like exoskeleton of insects)
• provide shape and protection to the cell.

Question 13

Nucleus

Answer 13

• Spherical structure at the center of the cell.
• control center of organelles.
• surrounded by a nucleur membrane.
• designs and oversees construction of ribosomes.

Question 14

Nucleur Membrane

Answer 14

• composed of membrane
• enclosed in nucleoplasm
• nucleoplasm contatins nucleolus and chromatin granules .

Question 15

Ribosomes

Answer 15

-move to nucleur envolope to produce proteins.

Question 16

Chromatin

Answer 16

stick-like, made of protein and DNA.

Question 17

DNA

Answer 17

“blue print” of genetic info.

Question 18

Chromosomes

Answer 18

hereditary gene that determine traits of the species.

Question 19

Cytoplasm

Answer 19

“living material” organelles with in cytoplasm perform functions of cell cntrolled by DNA.

Question 20

Endoplasmic reaction

Answer 20

form tubles through cytoplasm connectingto outside of the nucleus.

Question 21

Golgi Complex

Answer 21

apparatus/golgi body, flattened pancakes sacs stacked atop of each other, connects and communicates to endoplasm reticulum.

Question 22

lysosomes

Answer 22

• small vesicles produced by Golgi.

- contain lysosomes that desstroys foriegn substances.

Question 23

mitochondrion

Answer 23

• “power plants” composed of two membranous sacs, one inside each other.
• produce energy (ATP).
• ATP main source of energy.

Question 24

flagella

Answer 24

hair-like, help cell move through liquid environment.

Question 25

cilia

Answer 25

like flagella but shorter hair and more in numbers aound the cell

Question 26

Inclusion bodies

Answer 26

store inorganic carbon compounds.

Question 27

Prokayotic

Answer 27

• Cell division by binary fission
• no membrane bound organelles
• no true nucleus, no nuclear membrane
• no nucleolus
• simple flagela, consisting of 2 protein building blocks; rotates for propulsion.
• complex cell wall with peptidoglycan
• DNA in circular chromosome, singular; no chromatin.

Question 28

Symbiosis

Answer 28

two species living in close approximation

Question 29

mutualism

Answer 29

two organisms in which both parties benefit

Question 30

commensalism

Answer 30

one species benefits with the other unaffected

Question 31

parasitism

Answer 31

one benefits and the other harmed

Question 32

protozoa

Answer 32

• a single microbe
• extremely small 10 to 200 micrometers
• some visible with the naked eye @ 3mm.
• eukaryotic
• some species have multiple nuclei
• heterotrophs–> rely on food from organic and organic minerals
• use specialized cellular organelles called vacuoles for digestion.
• have nucleus.
• mitochondria used for energy.
• primitive cell wall.
• can survive alone or colonized.
• need water
• they form cyst until more favable conditions arrive.

Question 33

algae

Answer 33

• most are autotrophs (self-feeders), through photosynthesis by organelles in cytoplasm called plastids or chloroplas.
• chlroplasts gives green, red, or blue color
• lichen are algae & fungi that can withstand nostile environment.
• seaplankton are essential to ocean food supply.

Question 34

Fungi

Answer 34

• grow in dark, damp areas and can be harvested for food.
• heterotrophs
• release enzyme the breaks down organic matter into absorbant nutrients.
• 1st antibiotic, penicillin, created with mold.

Question 35

Microbial growth

Answer 35

not size but number of cells

Question 36

Growth requirements

Answer 36

Physical- temp, ph, and osmotic pressure.

Chemical- carbon source, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, trace elements, oxygen and growth factors.