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Bio 311 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What class of organism does bacteria belong to?

A
  • prokaryote
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2
Q

What’s a key defining feature of prokaryotes?

A
  • their DNA is not enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus
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3
Q

What’s unique about bacteria’s DNA?

A
  • genome is a single molecule of double-stranded DNA in a closed circle
  • contains extra DNA elements called plasmids
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4
Q

What are plasmids?

A
  • DNA circles that are much smaller than the main bacterial genome
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5
Q

What are viruses regarded as, even though they are similar to organisms in some aspects?

A
  • nonliving, because they don’t have a metabolism on their own
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6
Q

How does bacteria reproduce, generally?

A
  • asexually, cell growth and division
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7
Q

T/F: bacteria (and other prokaryotes) never reproduce sexually

A
  • false

- they undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction

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8
Q

Why are bacteria a model organism for genetic studies?

A
  • fast-dividing
  • take up little space
  • reproduce asexually until nutrients are exhausted or toxic waste products accumulate
    can be cultured on liquid or solid mediums with only basic nutrients provided
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9
Q

When can bacteria be seen with the naked eye in a colony?

A
  • when it reaches a population of 10^7 cells
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10
Q

What is one thing that is needed for bacteria to exchange genetic information?

A
  • physical contact

- aka conjugation

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11
Q

What was different with the bacterial genetic exchange that is not seen with eukaryotic crosses?

A
  • one parent transferred some or all of its genome into another cell
  • one cell was acting as a donor and one cell was acting as a recipient
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12
Q

What does F+ mean?

A
  • a strain of bacteria that carry fertility factor (F) can donate to recipient strains
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13
Q

What does F- mean?

A
  • a strain of bacteria that does not carry fertility factor (F) cannot donate but can receive from donor strains
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14
Q

What is F?

A
  • fertility factor

- a plasmid

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15
Q

What does the F plasmid do?

A
  • directs the synthesis of of pili
  • projections that initiate contact with the recipient
  • draw it closer
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16
Q

How does the F in DNA donate itself to the recipient?

A
  • makes a single stranded version of itself through rolling

- passes through a pore of the recipient cell where the other strand is synthesized, making a double helix

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17
Q

T/F: a copy of F remains with the donor

A
  • true

- one stays in the donor, one is in the recipient

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18
Q

What does Hfr stand for?

A
  • high frequency of recombination
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19
Q

What happen in Hfr and F- crosses? What makes them different from F- and F+ crosses?

A
  • virtually none of the F- became F+ or Hfr

- with +x-, most F- become F+

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20
Q

Define prokaryotes

A

-

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21
Q

Define viruses

A

-

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22
Q

Define donor

A

-

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23
Q

Define bacteriophages

A

-

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24
Q

Define phages

A

-

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25
Q

Define horizontal transmission

A

-

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26
Q

Define vertical transmission

A

-

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27
Q

Define phage recombination

A

-

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28
Q

Define plating

A

-

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29
Q

Define colony

A

-

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30
Q

Define cell clones

A

-

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31
Q

Define prototrophic

A

-

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32
Q

Define minimal medium

A

-

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33
Q

Define auxotrophic

A

-

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34
Q

Define resistant mutants

A

-

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35
Q

Define genetic markers

A

-

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36
Q

Define conjugation

A

-

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37
Q

Define fertility factor F

A

-

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38
Q

Define F+

A

-

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39
Q

Define F-

A

-

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40
Q

Define plasmid

A

-

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41
Q

Define circle replicaiton

A

-

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42
Q

Define rolling

A

-

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43
Q

Define Hfr

A

-

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44
Q

Define recipient

A

-

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45
Q

Define interrupted mating

A

-

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46
Q

Define exconjugants

A

-

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47
Q

Define origin (O)

A

-

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48
Q

Define terminus

A

-

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49
Q

Define endogenate

A

-

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50
Q

Define exogenate

A

-

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51
Q

Define merozygote

A

-

52
Q

Define unselected marker

A

-

53
Q

Define F’ plasmid

A

-

54
Q

Define R plasmid

A

-

55
Q

Define transformation

A

-

56
Q

Define double transformation

A

-

57
Q

Define lysis

A

-

58
Q

Define lysate

A

-

59
Q

Define plaque

A

-

60
Q

Define mixed infection

A

-

61
Q

Define double infection

A

-

62
Q

Define selective system

A

-

63
Q

Define screen

A

-

64
Q

Define transduction

A

-

65
Q

Define virulent phages

A

-

66
Q

Define temperate phages

A

-

67
Q

Define prophage

A

-

68
Q

Define lysogenic

A

-

69
Q

Define lysogen

A

-

70
Q

Define circle replicaiton

A

-

71
Q

Define generalized transduction

A

-

72
Q

Define cotransductants

A

-

73
Q

Define specialized transduction

A

-

74
Q

Define zygotic induction

A

-

75
Q

Define lambda (h) insertion

A

-

76
Q

Define lambda (h) attachment site

A

-

77
Q

Define auxotroph

A
  • a strain of microorganisms that will proliferate only when the medium is supplemented with a specific substance not required by wild-type organisms
78
Q

Define bacteriophage

A
  • aka a phage

- a virus that infects bacteria

79
Q

Define cell clome

A
  • members of a clony that have a single genetic ancestor
80
Q

Define colony

A
  • a visible clone of cells
81
Q

Define conjugation

A
  • the union of 2 bacterial cells during which chromosomal material is transferred from the donor to the recipient cell
82
Q

Define lambda attachement site

A
  • where the lambda prophage inserts into the E.coli chromosome
83
Q

Define donor

A
  • bacterial cell used in studies of unidirectional DNA transmission to other cells
  • ex in Hfr in conjugation and pahge source in tranduction
84
Q

Define double (mixed) reaction

A
  • infection of bacterium with 2 genetically different phages
85
Q

Define double transformation

A
  • simultaneous transformation by 2 different donor markers
86
Q

Define endogenote

A
  • a complete chromosome
87
Q

Define exogenote

A
  • a chromosome fragment
88
Q

Define F+ (donor)

A
  • in E.coli a cell having a fee ferrtility factor

- a male cell

89
Q

Define F- (receipietn)

A
  • in E.coli a cell having no fertility factor

- a female cell

90
Q

Define F’ plasmid

A
  • a fertility factor into which a part of the bacterial chromosome has been incorporated
91
Q

Define fertility factor

A
  • a bacterial episome whose presence confers donor ability

- maleness

92
Q

Define generalized transduction

A
  • the ability of certain phages to tranduce any gene in the bacterial chromosome
93
Q

Define genetic marker

A
  • an allele used as an experimental probe to keep track of an individual organism, a tissue, a cell, a nucleus, a chromosome or a gene
94
Q

Define Hfr

A
  • high frequency of recombination
  • In E.coli a cell having its fertility factor integrated into the bacterial chromosome
  • a donor male cell
95
Q

Define horizontal transmission

A

-inheritance of DNA from another member of the same generation

96
Q

Define insertional mutagensis

A
  • the situation whene a mutation arises by the interruption of a gene by foreign DNA, such as from a trangenic construct or a transposable element
97
Q

Define interrupted mating

A
  • a technique used to map bacterial genes by determining the sequence in which donor genes enter recipient cells
98
Q

Define lysate

A
  • population of phage progeny
99
Q

Define lysis

A
  • the rupture and death of a bacterial cell on release of phage progeny
100
Q

Define lysogen (lysogenic bacterium)

A
  • a bacterial cell containing an inert prophage integrated into, and that is replicated with the host, chromosome
101
Q

Define merozygote

A
  • a partly diploid E.coli cell formed from a complete chromosome (the endogenote) plus a fragment (exogenote)
102
Q

Define minimal medium

A
  • medium containing only inorganic salts, a carbon source and water
103
Q

Define mixed (double infection)

A
  • the infection of bacterial culture with 2 different phage genotypes
104
Q

Define origin (O)

A
  • aka origin of replication

- the point of a specific sequence at which DNA replication

105
Q

Define phage recombination

A
  • the production of recombinant ohage genotypes as a result of doubly infecting a bacterial cell with different “parental” phage genotypes
106
Q

Define plaque

A
  • a clear area on a bacterial lawn, left by lysis of the bacteria through progressive infections by a phage and its descendants
107
Q

Define plasmid

A
  • an autonomously replicating extrachromosomal DNA molecule
108
Q

Define plating

A
  • spreading the cells of a microorganism (bacteria, fungi) on a dish of nutritive medium to allow cell to form a visible colony
109
Q

Define prokaryote

A
  • an organism composed of a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacterium or blue-green alga
110
Q

Define prophage

A
  • a phage “chromosome” inserted as part of the linear structure of the DNA chromosome of a bacterium
111
Q

Define prototroph

A
  • a strain of organisms that will proliferate on minimal medium
112
Q

Define R plasmid

A
  • a plasmid containing one or several transposons taht bear resistance genes
113
Q

Define recipient

A
  • the bacterial cell that receives DNA in a unilateral transfer between cells
  • ex: F- in conjugation or the transduced cell in phage-mediated transduction
114
Q

Define resistant mutant

A
  • a mutant that can grow in a normally toxic environment
115
Q

Define rolling circle replication

A
  • a mode of replication used by some circular DNA molecules in bacteria (like plasmids) in which the circle seems to rotate as it reels out one continuous leading strand
116
Q

Define screen

A
  • a mutagenesis procedure in which essentially all mutagenized progeny are recovered and are individually evaluated for mutant phenotype
  • often teh desired phenotype is marked in some way to enable its detection
117
Q

Define specialized transduction

A
  • the situation in which a particular phage will transduce only specific regions of the bacterial chromosome
118
Q

Define temperate phage

A
  • a phage tha t can become a prophage
119
Q

Define terminus

A
  • the end represented by the last added monomer in the unidirectional synthesis of a polymer such as RNA or a polypeptide
120
Q

Define transduction

A
  • the movement of genes froma bacterial donor toa bacterial recipient with a phage as the vector
121
Q

Define transformation

A
  • the directed modification of a genome by the external application of DNA from a cell of different genotype
122
Q

Define unselected marker

A
  • in a bacterial recombinant experiment, an allele is scored in progeny for the frequency of its cosegregation with a linked selected allele
123
Q

Define vertical transmission

A
  • inheritance of DNA from a member of a previous generation
124
Q

Define virulent phage

A
  • a phage that cannot become a prophage
125
Q

Define virus

A
  • a particle consisting of nucleic acid and protein that must infect a living cell to replicate and reproduce
126
Q

Define zygotic induction

A
  • the sudden release of a lysogenic phage from a Hfr chromosome when the prophage enters the F- cell followed by the subsequent lysis of the recipient cell

Bio 311 (6 decks)

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