Chapter 5 Flashcards
Most distinct gender difference in thermoregulation
sweating
Women and sweat (2)
women sweat less, start to sweat at higher core and skin temps
Heat tolerance in men vs women
women have similar heat tolerance to men of the same aerobic fitness level
Body temp resulting in cellular death
113 degrees F
increase in plasma volume can be observed …
within 1 hour of recovery from 1st exercise session
plasma volume can increase to% in the 2 weeks of trainin
12 to 20%
Physical performance advantage of reduced blood viscosity
enhanced oxygen delivery to the active skeletal muscles because blood flow more easily through the vessels including the capallaries
Part of the heart enlarged with endurance training
left ventricle - responsible of propulsion of blood through arteries
Blood flow increases within _ of training
1 hour of recovery from 1st training session
Advantage of reduced blood viscosity
enhances oxygen delivery to skeletal muscle b/c blood flows easier through capillaries
Left ventricle wall thickness increases due to
resistance training - afterload
Left ventricle cavity increases in size due to
increase in plasma volume and diastolic volume
a-vO2 difference in trained individual
lower mixed venous oxygen content - greater oxygen extraction and distribution at tissue level
Resting heart rate decreases _BPM
10 BPM
Submaximal heart rate decreases _BPM
10-20 BPM
Increase in mitochondria size and #
2
enhances muscle’s ability to use oxygen and produce ATP via oxidation.
Has a glycogen sparing effect - use fat for fuel
decreased secretion at rest and and at the same absolute exercise intensity after training
Response to endurance training: epinephrine and norepinephrine
slight elevation during exercise to preserve blood glucose (stimulates FFA mobilization
Response to endurance training: cortisol
increased insulin sensitivity
Response to endurance training: Insulin
smaller increase in glucose levels during exercise
Response to endurance training: glucagon
no effect on resting values, less dramatic rise during exercise
Response to endurance training: growth hormone
DOMS associated with
tissue injury from eccentric force
Hypertrophy result of:
4
myobibrils, actin, myosin, sarcoplasm - increase in muscle protein systhesis
High intensity resistance training and speed work can result in (muscle fibers)
type I muscle fibers to convert to type IIa fibers
Exercise intensity greater than 60% - energy source
low intensity energy source
muscle glycogen
liver glycogen
skeletal muscle stores _ to _grams of muscle glycogen
300 to 400 gram
liver stores _ to _ grams of glycogen
70 to 100 grams
Changes to facilitate heat tolerance
3
increased plasma volume (supports increased SV)
decreased heart rate and core temp
increased sweat rate
Muscle buffering
ability to neutralize lactic acid
Yield point
trasition between original resting length and plastic stretch( new permanent set or deformation)
Elastic limit
point at which tissue is stretched beyond the point where it can return to normal length after force is removed
Autogenic inhibition inhibits
muscle spindle response - tension in muscle is temporarily inhibited allowing further muscle stretching
reciprocal inhibition coinsides with neural inhibition of the
opposing muscle on the other side of the joint to facilitate movement (agonist and antagonist)
client holds and resists the force provided by the trainer so that an isometric contraction occurs - 6 seconds - AUTOGENIC INHIBITION
Hold -relax technique
client pushes against the force provided by the trainer so that a concentric muscle contraction occurs - AUTOGENIC INHIBITION
Contract -relax technique
client hold and resists force, the concentric contraction added during final passive stretch
**most effective - AUTOGENIC AND RECIPROCAL INHIBITION
Hold-relax agonist contraction
Type of stretching that protects joint attachments
similar to resistance training
active- isolated stretching
High-force, short duration stretch =
elastic or short term deformation
Low force, long duration stretch =
plastic or permanent lengthening
Tissue viscoelasticity
property of tissues that allows them to exhibit both plastic and elastic behavior
a hot/ humid exercise environment reduces _
environment produces: 2
body’s ability to lose heat
greater core body temp
sweat rate
fick equation demonstrates
rate at which a person uses oxygen in their body
A-VO2 difference: 2
difference in oxygen content between arterial blood and venous blood
*indication of how much blood is extracted into the capillaries
SA node located
AV node located
superior wall of right atrium
floor of right atrium
fiber hypertrophy
fiber hyperplasia
increase in muscle fiber size
increase in # of muscle fibers
twitch
summation
motor units smallest contractile response
series of rapid stimuli - greater force production
2 risks - 95 degrees and 40% humidity
heat exhaustion
heat cramps
Risk with 85 degrees and 50 % humidity
no risk
risk with 30 degrees and calm winds
no risk if dresses properly
risk with 10 degrees and 10 mph winds
freezing of exposed skin
increase in rate coding:
leads to faster peak force production in trained muscle
decrease in parasympathetic activity causes _ HR
elevated
lactate threshold =
VT1
blood glucose fuels _ intensity exercise
low intensity
muscle glycogen fuels_intensity exercise
high intensity
during 1st hour of 1/2 marathon, carb metabolism =
muscle glycogen
during _intensity plasma FFAs are primary source of fat energy
low intensity
stretching technique that does not elicit stretch reflex
static stretching
stretches held for 2 seconds
active isolated stretching
