Chapter 5,6,7

Question 1

What is Classical Conditioning?

Answer 1

Learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus.

Question 2

Define Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 2

A stimulus that naturally brings about a response.

Question 3

What is an Unconditioned Response (UCR)?

Answer 3

Natural reaction to UCS.

Question 4

What is a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?

Answer 4

Originally neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response after association with UCS.

Question 5

Define Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 5

Learned response to previously neutral stimulus.

Question 6

What is Operant Conditioning?

Answer 6

Learning where behavior is influenced by consequences.

Question 7

What does Thorndike’s Law of Effect state?

Answer 7

Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened; behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

Question 8

Define Shaping in the context of learning.

Answer 8

Reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behavior.

Question 9

What is Observational Learning?

Answer 9

Learning through observing others.

Question 10

What are the four key components of Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory?

Answer 10

• Attention
• Retention
• Motor reproduction
• Reinforcement

Question 11

What is Generalization in learning?

Answer 11

Responding similarly to different but related stimuli.

Question 12

Define Extinction in classical conditioning.

Answer 12

Weakening of conditioned response when UCS is absent.

Question 13

What is Discrimination in learning?

Answer 13

Learning to respond only to specific stimuli.

Question 14

What did the John Watson & Little Albert Experiment demonstrate?

Answer 14

Classical conditioning in fear response.

Question 15

What is Taste Aversion?

Answer 15

Developing an aversion to a particular taste after a negative experience.

Question 16

What is Positive Reinforcement?

Answer 16

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

Question 17

Define Negative Reinforcement.

Answer 17

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

Question 18

What is Positive Punishment?

Answer 18

Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior.

Question 19

What does Negative Punishment involve?

Answer 19

Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior.

Question 20

What is Learned Helplessness?

Answer 20

When an organism learns it has no control over negative outcomes.

Question 21

Define Latent Learning.

Answer 21

Learning that occurs without immediate demonstration.

Question 22

What is Insight Learning?

Answer 22

Sudden realization of a problem’s solution.

Question 23

Define Memory.

Answer 23

Retention of information over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Question 24

What is Divided Attention?

Answer 24

Focusing on multiple tasks, reduces effectiveness of memory encoding.

Question 25

What are the Levels of Processing?

Answer 25

* Shallow Processing * Intermediate Processing * Deep Processing

Question 26

Define Shallow Processing.

Answer 26

Focus on surface features.

Question 27

What is Intermediate Processing?

Answer 27

Recognition and labeling of features.

Question 28

What is Deep Processing?

Answer 28

Meaningful, connected processing leading to better recall.

Question 29

Define Elaboration in memory.

Answer 29

Making connections to aid memory.

Question 30

What is Echoic Memory?

Answer 30

Auditory sensory memory, lasting a few seconds.

Question 31

Define Iconic Memory.

Answer 31

Visual sensory memory, lasting fractions of a second.

Question 32

What is Short-Term Memory (STM)?

Answer 32

Limited duration (~30 seconds) and capacity (7±2 items).

Question 33

What is Chunking?

Answer 33

Grouping items into meaningful units to extend STM capacity.

Question 34

What does Rehearsal do in memory?

Answer 34

Repetition to maintain STM.

Question 35

Define Long-Term Memory (LTM).

Answer 35

Relatively permanent with unlimited capacity.

Question 36

What are the components of Working Memory?

Answer 36

* Phonological Loop * Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad * Central Executive

Question 37

What is Explicit (Declarative) Memory?

Answer 37

* Episodic Memory * Semantic Memory

Question 38

Define Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory.

Answer 38

* Procedural Memory * Classical Conditioning * Priming

Question 39

What is the Primacy Effect?

Answer 39

Better recall of early list items.

Question 40

Define Recency Effect.

Answer 40

Better recall of recent items.

Question 41

What is Context-Dependent Memory?

Answer 41

Retrieval is improved when context matches encoding.

Question 42

What are Concepts in thinking?

Answer 42

Mental categories for organizing information.

Question 43

Define Prototype.

Answer 43

Best example of a concept.

Question 44

What are the steps in Problem-Solving?

Answer 44

* Identify the problem * Develop problem-solving strategies * Evaluate solutions * Rethink and redefine over time

Question 45

What is Functional Fixedness?

Answer 45

Inability to see new uses for objects.

Question 46

Define Inductive Reasoning.

Answer 46

Specific → General.

Question 47

What is Deductive Reasoning?

Answer 47

General → Specific.

Question 48

What is Loss Aversion?

Answer 48

Avoiding losses over acquiring gains.

Question 49

Define Confirmation Bias.

Answer 49

Favoring information that supports beliefs.

Question 50

What is Hindsight Bias?

Answer 50

Believing you predicted an outcome after it happens.

Question 51

What is the Availability Heuristic?

Answer 51

Judging probability by ease of recall.

Question 52

Define Representativeness Heuristic.

Answer 52

Judging based on stereotypes.

Question 53

What is Convergent Thinking?

Answer 53

Single best solution.

Question 54

Define Divergent Thinking.

Answer 54

Multiple solutions.

Question 55

What are traits of a Creative Thinker?

Answer 55

* Brainstorming * Flexibility * Motivation * Risk-taking * Self-evaluation

Question 56

What IQ score is considered Gifted?

Answer 56

IQ of 130+

Question 57

What are Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences?

Answer 57

* Verbal * Mathematical * Spatial * Bodily-Kinesthetic * Musical * Interpersonal * Intrapersonal * Naturalist * Existentialist

Question 58

What are the components of the Structure of Language?

Answer 58

* Phonology * Morphology * Syntax * Semantics * Pragmatics

Question 59

What is Whorf’s Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis?

Answer 59

Language influences thought.

Question 60

What is the Bilingual Advantage?

Answer 60

Cognitive benefits from knowing multiple languages.