Chapter 5 Flashcards
Protozoa, Fungi/ Algae, Helminths(parasitic worms) Arthropods(animal vectors of diseases)
P- unicellular, a few colonial
F/A- unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
H/A- multicellular except reproductive stages
symbiosis
means 2 diff. kinds of prokaryotes came together, merged and formed a completely unique cell.
organelles
-smaller prokaryotic cells trapped inside eukaryotes,(ex. mitochondria)
locomotor appendages of Eukaryotes
flagella- cylinder w/microtubules in 9+2 arrangement, covered by extension of cell membrane, motility, 10x thicker than prokaryotic flagella
Cilia- short/numerous, found in single type of protozoa and certain animal cells, motility, feeding, filtering
glycocalyx(eukaryotes)
-outermost boundary/ direct contact w/environment
-usually composed of polysaccharides
-appearance as network of fibers, slime layer, or a capsule
-functions are adherence, biofilms, protection, and signal reception
(beneath glocalyx fungi/algae have thick rigid cell wall,
protozoa, animals cells, and a few protozoa lack a cell wall only having a membrane)
Cell Wall (eukaryotes)
- rigid, structural support, shape
- fungi- thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers made of chitin or cellulose, pectin, manna’s, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate
Cytoplasmic(cell) membrane (eukaryote)
- typical bilayer of phospholipids and protein
- sterols confer stability
- selectively permeable in transport
- contain membrane bound organelles (60-80% of cytoplasmic volume)
Nucleus(eukaryote)
- most prominent organelle of cell
- nuclear envelope composed of 2 parallel membranes separated by narrow space and is perforated with pores
- contains chromosomes
- Nucleolus- dark are for rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
Endoplasmic Reticulum(Eukaryote) passageway for materials btwn nucleus and cytoplasm
Rough ER( made of flattened sacs called cistern)- ribosomes, protein synthesis and transport, 1st step in secretory pathway, origin outer membrane of the nuclear envelope extending to network in cytoplasm Smooth ER(tubular)- nutrient processing, synthesis, detoxification, and storage of lipids, no ribosomes
histones(Eukaryote)
alkaline protein found in chromatin responsible for packaging and order of DNA into structural units
Mitosis(Eukaryote)
IPMAT
golgi apparatus(Eukaryote)
-(cisternae) modifies, stores, packages proteins
Protein transport process(Eukaryote)
ER buds off tiny membrane bound packets of proteins(transport vesicles) picked up by golgi for modification and maturation
- golgi modifies by adding polysaccharides and lipids
- final action of golgi is pinching off finished condensing vesicles that will be sent to lysosomes or secretory vesicles outside cell
Lysosomes(eukaryote)
- vesicles containing enzymes from golgi
- intracellular digester of food particles/protection against invading microbes, digestion of cell debris/damaged tissue
vacuoles(eukaryote), phagosome
membrane bound sacs containing fluid/solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored, digestion occurs w/ merger w/ lysosome to create phagosome
mitochondria(Eukaryote)
-create energy(ATP)
-outer +inner membrane, inner membrane fold called cristae(holds enzymes/ electron carriers of aerobic(oxy) respiration)
unique
-divide independently of cell
-contain DNA and prokaryotic ribosomes
Chloroplast(Eukaryote)
- perform photosynthesis(sun to chemical energy)
- found in algae/plant cells
- produce oxy, organic nutrients
- 2 membranes outer covers inner thylakoids which are stacked into grana(looks similar to mitochondria)
ribosomes(Eukaryote)
- composed of rRNA and proteins
- scattered in cytoplasm/ or RER
- larger than prokaryotic ribosomes
- protein synthesis
cytoskeleton(eukaryote)
- flexible framework of proteins, microfilaments(thin strands of protein actin)/microtubules(essential for mitosis) form network through cytoplasm
- movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid movement, transport, structural support
- anchors organelles
kingdom of fungi
- 100,000 species divided into 2 groups
- macroscopic-mushrooms/puffballs/gill fungi
- microscopic-molds/yeasts
- only 50 cause disease in animals
Two morphologies of fungi (Yeast+ Hyphae)
chemical traits of fungi- possession of chitin, polysaccharides in their cell walls; sterol/ergesterol in their cell membranes
yeast-round ovoid shape, asexual production(single celled)
hyphae- long filamentous fungi or molds, chain of cells, multicellular
dimorphic
when fungi can take either yeast or hyphae form
fungal nutrition
- all fungi are heterotrophic(needs to ingest organic carbon from environment, can’t create own)
- majority are harmless sparse living off dead plants/animals
- some parasites, none are obligate
Mycoses
fungal infections
Yeast
- soft uniform texture and appearance
- reproduce asexually through budding
Filamentous fungi
- mycelium- mass of hyphae
- cottony, hairy, or velvety texture
- septate-(cross walls) can divide hyphae
- vegetative hyphae- disgest/absorb nutrients(grows on food)
- reproductive hyphae- produce spores for reproduction
fungal reproduction
- primary- spore formation on reproductive hyphae
- asexual- spores formed through budding/mitosis(conidia or sporangiospores)
fungal reproduction(variation)
fungal classification(kingdom Eumycota)
- Phylum Zygomycota- zygospores, sporangiospores/candida
- Phylum Ascomycota- ascospores/conidia
- Phylum Basidiomycota-basidiospores/conidia
- Phylum Chytridomycota- flagellated spores
- Fungi that produce only Asexual Spores(imperfect)
Fungal Identification
-isolation on specific media Macroscopic/microscopic observation of: --asexual spore forming structures and spores --hyphal type --colony texture and pigmentation --physiological characteristics --genetic makeup
Roles of fungi
Adverse Impact(4 ways fungi influence life)
-mycoses, allergies, toxin production
-destruction of crops and food storages
Beneficial Impact
-decomposers of dead plants/animals
-sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, vitamins
-used in making foods and in genetic studies
Protists(algae and protozoa) algae
algae
- eukaryotes,microscopic unicellular/colonial,macroscopic multicellular/ colonial
- photosynthesize w/ chlorophyll a(kelp, plankton, dangerous when intertidal creatures like shell fish eat, people get sick from algal toxin in oysters, cooking won’t kill/no antidote)(dinoflagellates cause red tide, death)
- contain chloroplasts,
- may/ may not have flagella
Protists(algae and protozoa) protozoa
protozoa(need moisture to be hardy)
- unicellular eukaryotes, lack tissues+ share similarities in cell structure, nutrition, life cycle, and biochemistry
- no cell wall, vary in shape
- diverse 65,000 species
- some animal parasites+spread by insect vectors
- all heterotrophic
- no chloroplasts
- cytoplasm- 2 parts-
- ectoplasm- locomotion(flagella/cilia/pseudopods, feeding, protection(clear)
- endoplasm- houses nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles
- eat through engulfing other microbes/organic matter
Protists(algae and protozoa) protozoa +classification
trophozoite-motile feeding stage
cyst- when lack of nutrients
-asexual reproduction, mitosis, multiple fission, sexual reproduction(cojugation)
Classification(difficult because of diversity)
-simple grouping(method of motility, reproduction, and life cycle)
–Mastigophora-primarily flagella, some amoeboid, sexual reproduction
–Sarcodina-primary amoeba, asexual by fission, most free living
–ciliophora-cilia, trophozite/cyst, most free living, harmless
–apicomplexa-nonmotile except male gametes, sexual/asexual reproduction, complex life cycle, all parasitic
Pathogenic flagellates(protozoa) Infective amoebas(protozoa)
-both are transmitted by blood sucking vector
Tryponamosomes
-T. brucei- African sleeping sickness
-T. cruzi- Chaga’s disease, South America
Entamoeba histolytica
-amebic dysentary(diarrhea w/ blood), worldwide
Parasitic helminths
- multicellular animals, organs for reproduction, digestion, movement, protection
- parasitize host tissues
- mouthparts for attachment to or digestion of host tissues
- most have well developed sex organs that produce eggs/sperm
- fertilized eggs go through larval period in/outside of host body
Parasitic helminths(flatworms/roundworms)
flat- flat, no definite body cavity, digestive tract a blind pouch, simple excretory and nervous systems
-cestodes- tapeworms
-trematodes- flukes, (can be hermaphroditic) flattened nonsegmented worms with sucking mouthparts
roundworms(nematodes)- round, a complete digestive tract, a protective surface cuticle, spines and hooks on mouth, poorly developed nervous/excretory systems
Helminth Class/ID
- shape, size, organ development, presence of hooks, suckers, or other special structures, Mode of reproduction, host, and appearance of eggs and larvae
- Identified by microscopic detection of worms, larvae, or eggs
Helminth distribution importance(parasitic worms)
- approximately 50 species parasitize humans
- Distributed worldwide, some restricted to certain geographic regions with higher incidence in tropics
- Acquired through ingestion of larvae or eggs in food, from soil or water, Some are carried by insect vectors
- Afflict billions of humans
