Chapter 5

Question 1

Protozoa, Fungi/ Algae, Helminths(parasitic worms) Arthropods(animal vectors of diseases)

Answer 1

P- unicellular, a few colonial
F/A- unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
H/A- multicellular except reproductive stages

Question 2

symbiosis

Answer 2

means 2 diff. kinds of prokaryotes came together, merged and formed a completely unique cell.

Question 3

organelles

Answer 3

-smaller prokaryotic cells trapped inside eukaryotes,(ex. mitochondria)

Question 4

locomotor appendages of Eukaryotes

Answer 4

flagella- cylinder w/microtubules in 9+2 arrangement, covered by extension of cell membrane, motility, 10x thicker than prokaryotic flagella
Cilia- short/numerous, found in single type of protozoa and certain animal cells, motility, feeding, filtering

Question 5

glycocalyx(eukaryotes)

Answer 5

-outermost boundary/ direct contact w/environment
-usually composed of polysaccharides
-appearance as network of fibers, slime layer, or a capsule
-functions are adherence, biofilms, protection, and signal reception
(beneath glocalyx fungi/algae have thick rigid cell wall,
protozoa, animals cells, and a few protozoa lack a cell wall only having a membrane)

Question 6

Cell Wall (eukaryotes)

Answer 6

• rigid, structural support, shape
• fungi- thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers made of chitin or cellulose, pectin, manna’s, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate

Question 7

Cytoplasmic(cell) membrane (eukaryote)

Answer 7

• typical bilayer of phospholipids and protein
• sterols confer stability
• selectively permeable in transport
• contain membrane bound organelles (60-80% of cytoplasmic volume)

Question 8

Nucleus(eukaryote)

Answer 8

• most prominent organelle of cell
• nuclear envelope composed of 2 parallel membranes separated by narrow space and is perforated with pores
• contains chromosomes
• Nucleolus- dark are for rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

Question 9

Endoplasmic Reticulum(Eukaryote) passageway for materials btwn nucleus and cytoplasm

Answer 9

Rough ER( made of flattened sacs called cistern)- ribosomes, protein synthesis and transport, 1st step in secretory pathway, origin outer membrane of the nuclear envelope extending to network in cytoplasm
Smooth ER(tubular)- nutrient processing, synthesis, detoxification, and storage of lipids, no ribosomes

Question 10

histones(Eukaryote)

Answer 10

alkaline protein found in chromatin responsible for packaging and order of DNA into structural units

Question 11

Mitosis(Eukaryote)

Answer 11

IPMAT

Question 12

golgi apparatus(Eukaryote)

Answer 12

-(cisternae) modifies, stores, packages proteins

Question 13

Protein transport process(Eukaryote)

Answer 13

ER buds off tiny membrane bound packets of proteins(transport vesicles) picked up by golgi for modification and maturation

• golgi modifies by adding polysaccharides and lipids
• final action of golgi is pinching off finished condensing vesicles that will be sent to lysosomes or secretory vesicles outside cell

Question 14

Lysosomes(eukaryote)

Answer 14

• vesicles containing enzymes from golgi

- intracellular digester of food particles/protection against invading microbes, digestion of cell debris/damaged tissue

Question 15

vacuoles(eukaryote), phagosome

Answer 15

membrane bound sacs containing fluid/solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored, digestion occurs w/ merger w/ lysosome to create phagosome

Question 16

mitochondria(Eukaryote)

Answer 16

-create energy(ATP)
-outer +inner membrane, inner membrane fold called cristae(holds enzymes/ electron carriers of aerobic(oxy) respiration)
unique
-divide independently of cell
-contain DNA and prokaryotic ribosomes

Question 17

Chloroplast(Eukaryote)

Answer 17

• perform photosynthesis(sun to chemical energy)
• found in algae/plant cells
• produce oxy, organic nutrients
• 2 membranes outer covers inner thylakoids which are stacked into grana(looks similar to mitochondria)

Question 18

ribosomes(Eukaryote)

Answer 18

• composed of rRNA and proteins
• scattered in cytoplasm/ or RER
• larger than prokaryotic ribosomes
• protein synthesis

Question 19

cytoskeleton(eukaryote)

Answer 19

• flexible framework of proteins, microfilaments(thin strands of protein actin)/microtubules(essential for mitosis) form network through cytoplasm
• movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid movement, transport, structural support
• anchors organelles

Question 20

kingdom of fungi

Answer 20

• 100,000 species divided into 2 groups
• macroscopic-mushrooms/puffballs/gill fungi
• microscopic-molds/yeasts
• only 50 cause disease in animals

Question 21

Two morphologies of fungi (Yeast+ Hyphae)

Answer 21

chemical traits of fungi- possession of chitin, polysaccharides in their cell walls; sterol/ergesterol in their cell membranes
yeast-round ovoid shape, asexual production(single celled)
hyphae- long filamentous fungi or molds, chain of cells, multicellular

Question 22

dimorphic

Answer 22

when fungi can take either yeast or hyphae form

Question 23

fungal nutrition

Answer 23

• all fungi are heterotrophic(needs to ingest organic carbon from environment, can’t create own)
• majority are harmless sparse living off dead plants/animals
• some parasites, none are obligate

Question 24

Mycoses

Answer 24

fungal infections

Question 25

Yeast

Answer 25

- soft uniform texture and appearance | - reproduce asexually through budding

Question 26

Filamentous fungi

Answer 26

- mycelium- mass of hyphae - cottony, hairy, or velvety texture - septate-(cross walls) can divide hyphae - vegetative hyphae- disgest/absorb nutrients(grows on food) - reproductive hyphae- produce spores for reproduction

Question 27

fungal reproduction

Answer 27

- primary- spore formation on reproductive hyphae | - asexual- spores formed through budding/mitosis(conidia or sporangiospores)

Question 28

fungal reproduction(variation)

Answer 28

-sexual reproduction- spores formed through fusion of 2 diff. strains(zygospores(diploid), ascospores(fungal sac ascus), and basidiospores(haploid)) -

Question 29

fungal classification(kingdom Eumycota)

Answer 29

- Phylum Zygomycota- zygospores, sporangiospores/candida - Phylum Ascomycota- ascospores/conidia - Phylum Basidiomycota-basidiospores/conidia - Phylum Chytridomycota- flagellated spores - Fungi that produce only Asexual Spores(imperfect)

Question 30

Fungal Identification

Answer 30

``` -isolation on specific media Macroscopic/microscopic observation of: --asexual spore forming structures and spores --hyphal type --colony texture and pigmentation --physiological characteristics --genetic makeup ```

Question 31

Roles of fungi

Answer 31

Adverse Impact(4 ways fungi influence life) -mycoses, allergies, toxin production -destruction of crops and food storages Beneficial Impact -decomposers of dead plants/animals -sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, vitamins -used in making foods and in genetic studies

Question 32

Protists(algae and protozoa) algae

Answer 32

algae - eukaryotes,microscopic unicellular/colonial,macroscopic multicellular/ colonial - photosynthesize w/ chlorophyll a(kelp, plankton, dangerous when intertidal creatures like shell fish eat, people get sick from algal toxin in oysters, cooking won't kill/no antidote)(dinoflagellates cause red tide, death) - contain chloroplasts, - may/ may not have flagella

Question 33

Protists(algae and protozoa) protozoa

Answer 33

protozoa(need moisture to be hardy) - unicellular eukaryotes, lack tissues+ share similarities in cell structure, nutrition, life cycle, and biochemistry - no cell wall, vary in shape - diverse 65,000 species - some animal parasites+spread by insect vectors - all heterotrophic - no chloroplasts - cytoplasm- 2 parts- - ectoplasm- locomotion(flagella/cilia/pseudopods, feeding, protection(clear) - endoplasm- houses nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles - eat through engulfing other microbes/organic matter

Question 34

Protists(algae and protozoa) protozoa +classification

Answer 34

trophozoite-motile feeding stage cyst- when lack of nutrients -asexual reproduction, mitosis, multiple fission, sexual reproduction(cojugation) Classification(difficult because of diversity) -simple grouping(method of motility, reproduction, and life cycle) --Mastigophora-primarily flagella, some amoeboid, sexual reproduction --Sarcodina-primary amoeba, asexual by fission, most free living --ciliophora-cilia, trophozite/cyst, most free living, harmless --apicomplexa-nonmotile except male gametes, sexual/asexual reproduction, complex life cycle, all parasitic

Question 35

``` Pathogenic flagellates(protozoa) Infective amoebas(protozoa) ```

Answer 35

-both are transmitted by blood sucking vector Tryponamosomes -T. brucei- African sleeping sickness -T. cruzi- Chaga's disease, South America Entamoeba histolytica -amebic dysentary(diarrhea w/ blood), worldwide

Question 36

Parasitic helminths

Answer 36

- multicellular animals, organs for reproduction, digestion, movement, protection - parasitize host tissues - mouthparts for attachment to or digestion of host tissues - most have well developed sex organs that produce eggs/sperm - fertilized eggs go through larval period in/outside of host body

Question 37

Parasitic helminths(flatworms/roundworms)

Answer 37

flat- flat, no definite body cavity, digestive tract a blind pouch, simple excretory and nervous systems -cestodes- tapeworms -trematodes- flukes, (can be hermaphroditic) flattened nonsegmented worms with sucking mouthparts roundworms(nematodes)- round, a complete digestive tract, a protective surface cuticle, spines and hooks on mouth, poorly developed nervous/excretory systems

Question 38

Helminth Class/ID

Answer 38

- shape, size, organ development, presence of hooks, suckers, or other special structures, Mode of reproduction, host, and appearance of eggs and larvae - Identified by microscopic detection of worms, larvae, or eggs

Question 39

Helminth distribution importance(parasitic worms)

Answer 39

- approximately 50 species parasitize humans - Distributed worldwide, some restricted to certain geographic regions with higher incidence in tropics - Acquired through ingestion of larvae or eggs in food, from soil or water, Some are carried by insect vectors - Afflict billions of humans