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Microbiology test 3 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Protozoa, Fungi/ Algae, Helminths(parasitic worms) Arthropods(animal vectors of diseases)

A

P- unicellular, a few colonial
F/A- unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
H/A- multicellular except reproductive stages

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2
Q

symbiosis

A

means 2 diff. kinds of prokaryotes came together, merged and formed a completely unique cell.

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3
Q

organelles

A

-smaller prokaryotic cells trapped inside eukaryotes,(ex. mitochondria)

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4
Q

locomotor appendages of Eukaryotes

A

flagella- cylinder w/microtubules in 9+2 arrangement, covered by extension of cell membrane, motility, 10x thicker than prokaryotic flagella
Cilia- short/numerous, found in single type of protozoa and certain animal cells, motility, feeding, filtering

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5
Q

glycocalyx(eukaryotes)

A

-outermost boundary/ direct contact w/environment
-usually composed of polysaccharides
-appearance as network of fibers, slime layer, or a capsule
-functions are adherence, biofilms, protection, and signal reception
(beneath glocalyx fungi/algae have thick rigid cell wall,
protozoa, animals cells, and a few protozoa lack a cell wall only having a membrane)

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6
Q

Cell Wall (eukaryotes)

A
  • rigid, structural support, shape
  • fungi- thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers made of chitin or cellulose, pectin, manna’s, silicon dioxide, and calcium carbonate
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7
Q

Cytoplasmic(cell) membrane (eukaryote)

A
  • typical bilayer of phospholipids and protein
  • sterols confer stability
  • selectively permeable in transport
  • contain membrane bound organelles (60-80% of cytoplasmic volume)
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8
Q

Nucleus(eukaryote)

A
  • most prominent organelle of cell
  • nuclear envelope composed of 2 parallel membranes separated by narrow space and is perforated with pores
  • contains chromosomes
  • Nucleolus- dark are for rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
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9
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum(Eukaryote) passageway for materials btwn nucleus and cytoplasm

A 
Rough ER( made of flattened sacs called cistern)- ribosomes, protein synthesis and transport, 1st step in secretory pathway, origin outer membrane of the nuclear envelope extending to network in cytoplasm
Smooth ER(tubular)- nutrient processing, synthesis, detoxification, and storage of lipids, no ribosomes
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10
Q

histones(Eukaryote)

A

alkaline protein found in chromatin responsible for packaging and order of DNA into structural units

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11
Q

Mitosis(Eukaryote)

A

IPMAT

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12
Q

golgi apparatus(Eukaryote)

A

-(cisternae) modifies, stores, packages proteins

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13
Q

Protein transport process(Eukaryote)

A

ER buds off tiny membrane bound packets of proteins(transport vesicles) picked up by golgi for modification and maturation

  • golgi modifies by adding polysaccharides and lipids
  • final action of golgi is pinching off finished condensing vesicles that will be sent to lysosomes or secretory vesicles outside cell
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14
Q

Lysosomes(eukaryote)

A
  • vesicles containing enzymes from golgi

- intracellular digester of food particles/protection against invading microbes, digestion of cell debris/damaged tissue

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15
Q

vacuoles(eukaryote), phagosome

A

membrane bound sacs containing fluid/solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored, digestion occurs w/ merger w/ lysosome to create phagosome

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16
Q

mitochondria(Eukaryote)

A

-create energy(ATP)
-outer +inner membrane, inner membrane fold called cristae(holds enzymes/ electron carriers of aerobic(oxy) respiration)
unique
-divide independently of cell
-contain DNA and prokaryotic ribosomes

17
Q

Chloroplast(Eukaryote)

A
  • perform photosynthesis(sun to chemical energy)
  • found in algae/plant cells
  • produce oxy, organic nutrients
  • 2 membranes outer covers inner thylakoids which are stacked into grana(looks similar to mitochondria)
18
Q

ribosomes(Eukaryote)

A
  • composed of rRNA and proteins
  • scattered in cytoplasm/ or RER
  • larger than prokaryotic ribosomes
  • protein synthesis
19
Q

cytoskeleton(eukaryote)

A
  • flexible framework of proteins, microfilaments(thin strands of protein actin)/microtubules(essential for mitosis) form network through cytoplasm
  • movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid movement, transport, structural support
  • anchors organelles
20
Q

kingdom of fungi

A
  • 100,000 species divided into 2 groups
  • macroscopic-mushrooms/puffballs/gill fungi
  • microscopic-molds/yeasts
  • only 50 cause disease in animals
21
Q

Two morphologies of fungi (Yeast+ Hyphae)

A

chemical traits of fungi- possession of chitin, polysaccharides in their cell walls; sterol/ergesterol in their cell membranes
yeast-round ovoid shape, asexual production(single celled)
hyphae- long filamentous fungi or molds, chain of cells, multicellular

22
Q

dimorphic

A

when fungi can take either yeast or hyphae form

23
Q

fungal nutrition

A
  • all fungi are heterotrophic(needs to ingest organic carbon from environment, can’t create own)
  • majority are harmless sparse living off dead plants/animals
  • some parasites, none are obligate
24
Q

Mycoses

A

fungal infections

25
Q

Yeast

A
  • soft uniform texture and appearance

- reproduce asexually through budding

26
Q

Filamentous fungi

A
  • mycelium- mass of hyphae
  • cottony, hairy, or velvety texture
  • septate-(cross walls) can divide hyphae
  • vegetative hyphae- disgest/absorb nutrients(grows on food)
  • reproductive hyphae- produce spores for reproduction
27
Q

fungal reproduction

A
  • primary- spore formation on reproductive hyphae

- asexual- spores formed through budding/mitosis(conidia or sporangiospores)

28
Q

fungal reproduction(variation)

A
29
Q

fungal classification(kingdom Eumycota)

A
  • Phylum Zygomycota- zygospores, sporangiospores/candida
  • Phylum Ascomycota- ascospores/conidia
  • Phylum Basidiomycota-basidiospores/conidia
  • Phylum Chytridomycota- flagellated spores
  • Fungi that produce only Asexual Spores(imperfect)
30
Q

Fungal Identification

A 
-isolation on specific media
Macroscopic/microscopic observation of:
--asexual spore forming structures and spores
--hyphal type
--colony texture and pigmentation
--physiological characteristics
--genetic makeup
31
Q

Roles of fungi

A

Adverse Impact(4 ways fungi influence life)
-mycoses, allergies, toxin production
-destruction of crops and food storages
Beneficial Impact
-decomposers of dead plants/animals
-sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, vitamins
-used in making foods and in genetic studies

32
Q

Protists(algae and protozoa) algae

A

algae

  • eukaryotes,microscopic unicellular/colonial,macroscopic multicellular/ colonial
  • photosynthesize w/ chlorophyll a(kelp, plankton, dangerous when intertidal creatures like shell fish eat, people get sick from algal toxin in oysters, cooking won’t kill/no antidote)(dinoflagellates cause red tide, death)
  • contain chloroplasts,
  • may/ may not have flagella
33
Q

Protists(algae and protozoa) protozoa

A

protozoa(need moisture to be hardy)

  • unicellular eukaryotes, lack tissues+ share similarities in cell structure, nutrition, life cycle, and biochemistry
  • no cell wall, vary in shape
  • diverse 65,000 species
  • some animal parasites+spread by insect vectors
  • all heterotrophic
  • no chloroplasts
  • cytoplasm- 2 parts-
  • ectoplasm- locomotion(flagella/cilia/pseudopods, feeding, protection(clear)
  • endoplasm- houses nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles
  • eat through engulfing other microbes/organic matter
34
Q

Protists(algae and protozoa) protozoa +classification

A

trophozoite-motile feeding stage
cyst- when lack of nutrients
-asexual reproduction, mitosis, multiple fission, sexual reproduction(cojugation)
Classification(difficult because of diversity)
-simple grouping(method of motility, reproduction, and life cycle)
–Mastigophora-primarily flagella, some amoeboid, sexual reproduction
–Sarcodina-primary amoeba, asexual by fission, most free living
–ciliophora-cilia, trophozite/cyst, most free living, harmless
–apicomplexa-nonmotile except male gametes, sexual/asexual reproduction, complex life cycle, all parasitic

35
Q 
Pathogenic flagellates(protozoa)
Infective amoebas(protozoa)
A

-both are transmitted by blood sucking vector
Tryponamosomes
-T. brucei- African sleeping sickness
-T. cruzi- Chaga’s disease, South America
Entamoeba histolytica
-amebic dysentary(diarrhea w/ blood), worldwide

36
Q

Parasitic helminths

A
  • multicellular animals, organs for reproduction, digestion, movement, protection
  • parasitize host tissues
  • mouthparts for attachment to or digestion of host tissues
  • most have well developed sex organs that produce eggs/sperm
  • fertilized eggs go through larval period in/outside of host body
37
Q

Parasitic helminths(flatworms/roundworms)

A

flat- flat, no definite body cavity, digestive tract a blind pouch, simple excretory and nervous systems
-cestodes- tapeworms
-trematodes- flukes, (can be hermaphroditic) flattened nonsegmented worms with sucking mouthparts
roundworms(nematodes)- round, a complete digestive tract, a protective surface cuticle, spines and hooks on mouth, poorly developed nervous/excretory systems

38
Q

Helminth Class/ID

A
  • shape, size, organ development, presence of hooks, suckers, or other special structures, Mode of reproduction, host, and appearance of eggs and larvae
  • Identified by microscopic detection of worms, larvae, or eggs
39
Q

Helminth distribution importance(parasitic worms)

A
  • approximately 50 species parasitize humans
  • Distributed worldwide, some restricted to certain geographic regions with higher incidence in tropics
  • Acquired through ingestion of larvae or eggs in food, from soil or water, Some are carried by insect vectors
  • Afflict billions of humans

Microbiology test 3 (6 decks)

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