Chapter 5

Question 1

social group

Answer 1

a collection of people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations concerning behavior and who share a sense of common identity

Question 2

social aggregate

Answer 2

a collection of people who happen to be together in a particular place but do not significantly interact or identify with one another.

Question 3

social category

Answer 3

people who share a common characteristic (such as gender or occupation) but do not necessarily interact or identify with one another.

Question 4

in-group

Answer 4

a group toward which one feels particular loyalty and respect–the group to which “we”belong

Question 5

out-group

Answer 5

a group toward which one feels antagonism and contempt–“those people”

Question 6

primary group

Answer 6

a group that is characterized by intense emotional ties, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and strong enduring sense of commitment

Question 7

secondary group

Answer 7

a group characterized by its large size and by impersonal, fleeting relationships.

Question 8

reference group

Answer 8

a group that provides a standard for judging one’s attitudes or behaviors.

Question 9

dyad

Answer 9

a group consisting of tow persons.

Question 10

triad

Answer 10

a group consisting of three persons

Question 11

leader

Answer 11

a person who is able to influence the behavior of other members of a group.

Question 12

transformational leader

Answer 12

a leader who is able to instill in the members of a group a sense of mission or higher purpose, thereby changing he nature of the group itself.

Question 13

transactional leader

Answer 13

a leader who is concerned with accomplishing the group’s tasks, getting group member to do their jobs, and making certain that the group achieves its goals.

Question 14

groupthink

Answer 14

a process by which the members of a group ignore ways of thinking and plans that go against the group consensus.

Question 15

network

Answer 15

a set of informal and formal social ties that links people to each other.

Question 16

organization

Answer 16

A large group of individuals with a definite set of authority relations. Many types of organizations exist in industrialized societies, influencing most aspects of our lives. While not all organizations are bureaucratic, there are close links between the development of organizations and bureaucratic tendencies.

Question 17

formal organization

Answer 17

means by which a group is rationally designed to achieve its objectives, often using explicit rules, regulations, and procedures.

Question 18

bureaucracy

Answer 18

a type of organization marked by a clear heirarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time, salaried officials.

Question 19

ideal type

Answer 19

A “pure type,” constructed by emphasizing certain traits of a social item that do not necessarily exist in reality. An example is Max Weber’s ideal type of bureaucratic organization.

Question 20

formal relations

Answer 20

relations that exist in groups and organizations, laid down by the norms, or rules, of the official system of authority.

Question 21

informal networks

Answer 21

relations that exist in the groups and organizations developed on teh basis of personal connections; ways of doing things that depart from formally recognized modes of procedure.

Question 22

iron law of oligarchy

Answer 22

a term coined by Weber’s student Robert Michels meaning that large organizations tend toward centralization of power, making democracy difficult.

Question 23

oligarchy

Answer 23

rule by a small minority within an organization or society.

Question 24

human resource management

Answer 24

a style of management that regards a company’s workforce as vital to its economic competitiveness.

Question 25

corporate culture

Answer 25

an organizational culture involving rituals, events, or traditions that are unique to a specific company.

Question 26

information technology

Answer 26

forms of technology based on information processing and requiring microelectronic circuitry.

Question 27

social capital

Answer 27

the social knowledge and connections that enable people to accomplish their goals and extend their influence.

Question 28

Ritzer

Answer 28

McDonaldization

Question 29

Asch

Answer 29

“Going along with the group”

Question 30

Milgram

Answer 30

Obedience to authoity

Question 31

Weber

Answer 31

Bureaucracy