Chapter 5

Question 1

What are the two ways that sexuality can be perceived?

Answer 1

Biologically and Sociologically

Question 2

What is the perception of sexuality that is simply that which is physically possible?

Answer 2

Biological

Question 3

What is the perception of sexuality that is seen as most people’s sexual lives being judged negatively if they were known?

Answer 3

Sociological

Question 4

A deviant label is not a product of individual perceptions but rather…

Answer 4

social processes

Question 5

What do objective deviance specialists refer to?

Answer 5

cultural and historical variations in the norms that are used for the standard against which deviance is judged

Question 6

What do subjective deviance specialists refer to?

Answer 6

the process of social construction

Question 7

Social processes determine who is socially typed as a deviant through the three processes of what?

Answer 7

Description, evaluation, and prescription

Question 8

what is “description”?

Answer 8

being placed into a category because of your sexuality

Question 9

when you are judging someone based on the category that they have been placed in

Answer 9

evaluation

Question 10

when a person is made subject to particular measures of regulation or social control

Answer 10

prescription

Question 11

What are the two sociological theoretical perspectives that are most often used with sexuality?

Answer 11

Symbolic Interactionism and Critical theory

Question 12

Which theory addresses the process by which people come to understand and attribute meaning to their own sexuality and the sexuality of others?

Answer 12

Symbolic Interactionism

Question 13

Interviewing gays as to what it’s like to be “in the closet” fits under what theoretical perspective?

Answer 13

Symbolic Interactionism

Question 14

Critical theory analyzes what?

Answer 14

the ways that power influences people’s understandings and attributions of meaning

Question 15

What theory does Foucault fall under?

Answer 15

Critical theory

Question 16

What did Foucault emphasize?

Answer 16

the role of the “elite discourse” : the knowledge about sexuality that is conveyed by those in authority and that subsequently comes to be perceived as truth.
(ex. distinction between sexual identity and sexual behaviour, that they don’t always correspond)

Question 17

Although homosexuality has always existed, it was only when the science of psychology began to propose the existence of the “self” in the late 19th century that homosexual identity (and identities of any sort) became possible.
true or false?

Answer 17

true!

Question 18

Foucauldian sociologists who study sexuality analyze what??

Answer 18

the ways that scientific, political, legal, religious, and media discourses of sexuality shape the ways audience members can imagine organizing their lives.

Question 19

Explain Herdt’s classic (1984) research on the Sambia of New Guinea

Answer 19

He found ritualized same-sex sexual activities among males during a certain period of their lives. These activities, without exception, were required with the intention to reproduce the distinct roles of men and women, the patriarchal structure of society, and the ability of men to be fierce and powerful warriors should the need arise.

Question 20

What did Arkins (1994) find about Athens regarding sexuality?

Answer 20

that normal and deviant behaviour was defined on the basis of power.
Aristocratic males were aloud to have sex with whomever they wanted so long as they were not other aristocrat men. Slaves, foreigners, aristocratic young boys, etc were all fair game for pleasure.

Question 21

What were some differences in regards to norms and deviance with sexuality in Aboriginal Tribes?

Answer 21

In some cases, premarital sex among women was considered unacceptable, and was subjected to measures of social control, while in others, premarital and extramarital sex were accepted practices and might involve gifts being given to the women’s family

Question 22

In aboriginal culture, life (and sexuality) was viewed as consisting of what four different components ?

Answer 22

Physical, Intellectual, Emotional, and Spiritual

Question 23

In many Aboriginal cultures, they consider there to be more than two sexes and genders
true or false?

Answer 23

true

Question 24

For colonizing European culture… how did they define sex? (aside form boring)

Answer 24

• Sex was for the purpose of reproduction
• pleasure is frowned upon
• only between man and wife
• only in missionary
• not done too often

Question 25

what punishments (both informal and formal), would arise from same sex activities within European culture?

Answer 25

informal sanctions: by the community (ex.)

formal sanctions: excommunication from church (ex.)

Question 26

What was the difference in views of relations between aboriginal and non-aboriginal people from the early years of colonization in Canada to the progression of the country’s growth?

Answer 26

Early on: Because of a lack of European females, and because of the great convenience that came from aboriginal women (les femmes du pays)=(trapping, language, diplomacy, etc) Hudson bay company encouraged these interracial relationships and the missionaries didn’t address it.
As Canada progressed: fur trade was slowly replaced with agriculture as Canada’s primary economic activity, European men were more discouraged to be with an aboriginal women as metis women were considered more acceptable as they were half European. By the mid 19th century colonial officials and religious authorities began to fear the consequences of widespread racial mixing = laws were instituted at various times in various parts of Canada/America prohibiting white-aboriginal relationships.

Question 27

explain the “wild west” environment

Answer 27

the gold rush, where women were outnumbered by men as much as 200:1, placed women (especially aboriginal women) at risk of sexual victimization. In these instances the “choice” to cohabitate with a man was less of an illustration of free will and more of a desire for safety.

Question 28

What sexuality eventually became socially typed, described as “heathen freakiness” and was judged as being “devilish” ?

Answer 28

Aboriginal sexuality

Question 29

What brought about the term “missionary” representing a sexual position?

Answer 29

Aboriginals were made subject to a wide range of prescriptions, including being taught by church fathers the ‘right’ way to have sex, (hence the term missionary),

Question 30

Evolution of meanings of sexuality has changed twice, what has it changed from?

Answer 30

reproduction for marriage => intimacy within marriage =>

personal fulfillment

Question 31

The practice of slavery was closely intertwined with the control of sexuality how?

Answer 31

• slave owners frequently determined who was permitted to mate with whom for the purpose of reproduction.
• female slaves were also expected to be continually sexually available for male members of the owner’s family.
• plus laws instituted prohibited black individuals from marrying outside their race*

Question 32

sexuality was formerly controlled by the local Christian church, the courts, family and the community, with premarital pregnancy resulting in marriage. True or False?

Answer 32

true

Question 33

Explain how the socioeconomic class of sexual transgressors affects the severity of punishments?

Answer 33

the higher the status, the less severe the punishment. In the case of rape upper class men were less likely to go to trial and usually received milder penalties if they did. 
Men who often owned property were more likely to be fined, while women who did not own property were more likely to be physically punished.

Question 34

Want to know a fun fact?

ok it’s not fun.. it’s actually terrible

Answer 34

Black men convicted of raping white women (but not white women) were castrated. Whereas if a white man raped a white or black women it often wouldn’t even be considered rape.

Question 35

Why and when did contraception come about?

Answer 35

in the 19th century, infant mortality rates declined but prenatal and postnatal mortality rates of women did not. With the tremendous health risks associated with pregnancy and childbirth, and the less need for large numbers of children, middle and upper class women acted to reduce pregnancy by abstaining from sex for long periods of time and using contraception.

Question 36

What social movements emerged for sexuality ?

Answer 36

Social purity or sex hygiene movements