Chapter 5 Flashcards
TELNET
(Terminal Network) an application layer protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication facility using a virtual terminal connection
Well known ports
only assigned by the IANA * can only be used by the system or root processes and by programs that are executed by privileged users
Application Layer Protocols
designed to carry out specific purposes or functions
Authoritative name servers
attached to domain servers and responsible for answering requests received about the domain space they are part of.
routing metrics
used by a router to make routing decisions through a routing table
convergence
the time it takes for routing tables to update
ICMP
(Internet Control Message Protocol) checks to see if the data packets have successfully reached the destination
FTP
(File Transport Protocol) a standard network protocol used to transfer computer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet
Ping
a network administration utility that is used to test connectivity to specific nodes on a network and to measure the round-trip time it takes for a packet to get to a specific destination and back
Permanent host group
a host group with permanent IP addresses
IGP
(Interior Gateway Protocol) used for exchanging routing information between gateways (commonly routers) within an autonomous system
DNS
(Domain Name System) the protocol that converts URLs to IP addresses
OSPF
(Open Shortest Path First) gathers link state information from available routers and constructs a topology map of the network
RTP
(Real-Time Transport Protocol) a packet format for delivering audio and video over IP networks
protocol stack
all the protocols from a protocol suit that are currently being used to carry out specific functions of network communications within the computer
Neighbor table
contains information about the routers that are directly connected to the current router.
RFC
(Request For Comment) all networking standards and protocols are defined by these various documents
topology table
an aggregation of the routing tables of all routers connected to current router
EIGRP
(Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) used on a computer network to help automate routing decisions and configuration
RIP
(Routing Information Protocol) implements a limit on the number of hops allowed in a path from source to destination
hop
one portion of the path between source and destination
Link state routing protocol
every node constructs a map of the connectivity to the network, in the form of a graph, showing which nodes are connected to which other nodes
ARP
(Address Resolution Protocol) responsible for determining what the MAC address is for the next hop and then adjust the frame accordingly so that the frame can be moved to the next hop
Transient host group
host group formed for a specific multicast and then disbanded after use
Dynamic or private ports
can be used at any time and are assigned dynamically by the system
hybrid routing protocols
uses distance-vector metrics-based method to determine the best route, while using link state to update the other routers
tracert
the Windows implementation of a trace route
IPv6
128-bit address, will never run out of IP addresses
Block
data broken into segments that contain headers
checksum
when a network device receives a data packet from another network device, it runs an algorithm on the header of the IP packet and then compares the result of this algorithm with the result stored in the IP header
ACK
acknowledgement field
IGMP
(Internet Group Management Protocol) used by IP hosts to manage their multicast group’s dynamic membership and by connecting routers to find those group members
Resolvers
the clients that make requests of the Domain Name System
SYN
indicate that the segment contains synchronizing sequence numbers
Port addresses/ports
determine which upper-layer protocols, services, and processes each data segment is intended for
routed protocols
the process of selecting best paths in a network
SSH
(Secure Shell) a cryptographic (encrypted) network protocol to allow remote login and other network services to operate securely over an insecure network.
UDP
(User Datagram Protocol) connection-less counterpart of TCP, does not guarantee reliable delivery and is primarily used to give other protocols access to datagram services
Lost data packets
Packets never reach their intended destination
Name servers
database of all the name domains on the Web
Routing tables
small databases that routers use to determine which route to take
Static routing
uses a manually-configured routing entry, rather than information from a dynamic routing traffic
IS-IS
(Intermediate System to Intermediate System) used to determine routing tables within an autonomous system using link state routing
EGP
used to exchange routing information between autonomous systems
routing table
contains the routes to the various destinations
TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol) provide communication services between Application layer services, protocols, and processes and the IP.
protocol suite
a group of networking protocols that are designed to work together to accomplish the separate little tasks needed to allow network communications
IPv4
32-bit address
SNMP
(Simple Network Management Protocol) manages devices on IP networks
data corruption
the data contained in the packet is corrupted
MTU
(Maximum Transmission Unit)
dynamic routing
alter the path that the route takes through the system in response to a change in conditions
SIP
(Session Initiation Protocol) protocol for signaling and controlling multimedia communication sessions
Denial of Service attack
using pings across a large range of computers to bring down a server
out-of-order packet delivery
Packets arrive in a different order than the one they were sent in
Registered ports
used consistently on all systems
NTP
(Network Time Protocol) a means of synchronizing clocks over a computer network
BGP
(Border Gateway Protocol) designed to exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet.
Distance-Vector Routing Protocol
when each router periodically sends an update of its routing table to all the neighboring routers that are direcrtly connected to it
TLS
(Transport Layer Security) a protocol that ensures privacy between communicating applications and their users on the Internet
SMTP
(Simple Mail Transport Protocol)
Duplicate arrivals
More than one copy of the data packet arrived at the destination computer
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
used for Internet commuinications
Trace route
a utility used to report back each hop along a route to a specific IP destination.
POP
(Post Office Protocol) local e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection.
IMAP
(Internet Mail Access Protocol) used by e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail messages from a mail server over a TCP/IP connection.
steady state
all the routers in a network are updated/converged
RDP
(Remote Desktop Protocol) a remote access network protocol
