Chapter 5

Question 1

Name 2 scientists responsible for creating the periodic table.

Answer 1

• Dmitri Mendeleev

* Henry Moseley

Question 2

What are the main characteristics of the alkali metals?

Answer 2

• Lower densities than other metals • One loosely bound valence electron
• Largest atomic radii in their periods
• Low ionization energies
• Low electronegativities
• Highly reactive

Question 3

What are the main characteristics of alkaline earth metals?

Answer 3

• two electrons in the outer shell
• low electron affinities
• low electron electronegativities
• readily form divalent cations

Question 4

What are the main characteristics of transition metals?

Answer 4

• low ionization energy
• positive oxidation state
• very hard
• high melting and boiling points
• high electrical conductivity
• malleable
• 5 D orbitals become more filled, from left right on periodic table

Question 5

What are the main characteristics of the boron group?

Answer 5

• metalloids
• three electrons in their outer electron or valence shell
• typically very useful

Question 6

What are the main characteristics of the nitrogen group?

Answer 6

• consists of nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth
• elements consist of atoms having five electrons in their outer energy level
• as you move down the nitrogen family: atomic radius increases, ionic radius increases, ionization energy decreases, and electronegativity decreases
• nitrogen family elements often form covalent compounds, usually with the oxidation numbers +3 or +5

Question 7

What are the main characteristics of the oxygen group?

Answer 7

• elements show increasing metal character as the atomic number increases
• their electronegativities decreased with increasing atomic number
• all of the elements can be naturally found as ions

Question 8

What are the main characteristics of halogens?

Answer 8

• very high electronegativities
• seven valence electrons (one short of stable octet)
• highly reactive, especially with alkali metals and alkaline earth metals

Question 9

What are the main characteristics of the noble gases?

Answer 9

• fairly nonreactive
• complete valence shell
• high ionization energies
• very low electronegativities
• low boiling points (all gases at room temperature)

Question 10

What are the main characteristics of lanthanides?

Answer 10

• silvery – white metals that tarnish when exposed to air, forming their oxides
• relatively soft metals, hardness increases somewhat with higher atomic number
• moving from left to right across the period (increasing atomic number), the radius of each lanthanides 3+ ion steadily decreases. This is referred to as lanthanides contraction
• high melting points and boiling points
• very reactive
• burn easily in air

Question 11

What are the main characteristics of actinides?

Answer 11

• all are radioactive
• highly electropositive
• tarnish readily in
• very dense metals with distinctive structures. Numerous allotropes maybe form (plutonium has at least six allotropes)
• react with boiling water or dilute acid to release hydrogen gas
• combine directly with most nonmetals

Question 12

What is the longhand electron configuration for chromium?

Answer 12

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1

Question 13

What is the shorthand electron configuration for chromium?

Answer 13

4d6

Question 14

What is the longhand electron configuration for iodine?

Answer 14

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5

Question 15

What is the shorthand configuration for iodine?

Answer 15

{Kr}5s2 4d10 5p5

Question 16

Cation: a positively charged ion

Anion: a negatively charged Jon

Answer 16

What’s the difference between a cation and an anion?