Chapter 5 Flashcards
The sequence in which the greatest growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually works down from top to bottom.
Cephalocaudal pattern
The sequence in which growth starts at the centre of the body and moves toward the extremities.
Proximodistal
Nerve cell that handles information processing at the cellular level.
Neuron
Specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other.
Lateralization
A recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.
REM ( rapid eye movement ) sleep
A condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing. Usually during the night, and suddenly dies without apparent cause.
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
A wasting away of body tissues in the infant’s first year, caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency.
Marasmus
A condition caused by a deficiency in protein, the child’s abdomen and feet swell with water.
Kwashiorkor
The perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor behavior are assembled for perceiving and acting.
Dynamic systems theory
A newborn automatically sucks an object placed in its mouth.
Sucking reflex
When the infant’s cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched, the infant turns its head toward the side that was touched in an apparent effort ot find something to such.
Rooting reflex
A neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense, intense noise or movement, When startled, the newborn arches its back, throws its head back, and flings out its arms and lets. Then the newborn rapidly draws its arms and legs close to the centre of the body.
Moro reflex
A neonatal reflex that occurs when something touches the infant’s palms. The infant responds by grasping tightly.
Grasping reflex
Involve large muscle activities, such as moving one’s arms and walking.
Gross motor skills
Motor skills that involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity.
Fine motor skills
Occurs when a stimulus reaches sensory receptors-the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.
Sensation
The interpretation of what is sensed.
Perception
The ability to relate and integrate information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing.
Intermodal perception
In Piaget’s theory, a cognitive structure that helps individuals organize and understand their experiences.
Scheme
Piaget’s concept of grouping isolated behaviours and thoughts into a higher order system.
Organization
A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next.
Equilibration
Piaget’s first sensorimotor substage, which corresponds to the first month after birth. In this substage, sensation and action are coordinated primarily through reflexive behaviours.
Simple reflexes
Pisget’s second sensorimotor suvstage, which develops between one and four months of age, In this substage, the infant coordinates sensation and two types of schemes: habits and primary circular reactions.
First habits and primary circular reactions
A scheme based on the attempt to reproduced an event that initially occurred by chance.
Primary circular reaction
Piaget’s third sensorimotor substage, which develops between four and eight months of age. In this substag, the infant becomes more object-oriented, moving beyond preoccupation with the self.
Secondary circular reactions
Piaget’s fourth sensorimotor substage, which develops between eight and 12 months of age. Actions become more outrwardly-direccted, and infants coordinate schemes and act with intentionality.
Coodination of secondary circular reactions
Piaget’s fifth sensorimotor substage, which develops betwwen 12 and 18 months of age. In this substage, infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many thins that they can make happen to objects.
Tertiary circular reactions, novelty and curioaity
Piaget’s sixth and final sensorimotor substage, which develops betwwen 18 and 24 months of age. In this substage, the infant develops the ability to use primitive symbols.
Internalization of schemes
The Piagetian term for one of an infant’s most important accomplishments: understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched.
Object permanence
The focusing of mental resources on select information.
Attention
Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus agter repeated presentations of the stimulus.
Habituation
The increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulation.
Dishabituation
Imitation that occurs after a time delay of hours or days.
Deferred imitation
An overall developmental score that combines subscores in motor, languge, adaptive, and personal-social domains in the Gesell assessment of infants.
Developmental quotient (DQ)
Scales developed by Nancy Bayley and widely used in the assessment of infant development. The current version has five scales: cognitive, language, motor, socio-emotional, and adaptive.
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
A form of communication, whether endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.
Language
The ability to produce a seemingly endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.
Infinite generativity
The use of short and precise words to communicate.
Telegraphic speech
An area in the brain’s left frontal love involved in producing words.
Broca’s area
A region of the brain’s left hemisphere involved in language comprehension.
Wernicke’s area
A biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain language categories, such as phonology, syntax, and semantics.
Language acquisition device (LAD)
This type of speech has a higher-than normal pitch and involves the use of simple words and sentences.
Child-directed speech
