Chapter 5

Question 0

Horizontal Integration

Answer 0

Sharing of facilities and resources at different stages of production and distribution

Question 1

Multimedia Chains

Answer 1

Corporations that own a diversified array of media operations

Question 2

Vertical integration

Answer 2

The control of resources and assets at different stages of distribution and production

Question 3

Cultural Imperialism

Answer 3

One society’s media exert an overwhelmingly influence over another society’s media.

Question 4

Define representation

Answer 4

The use of language and other symbols to create messages that other people can understand and connect to in their lives.

Question 5

How is representation a selective process?

Answer 5

Involves countless decisions about what should be included and what should be left out.

Question 6

Define framing

Answer 6

To set up boundaries that define where representation begins and ends.

To organize the contents into what is being emphasized and what is secondary.

Question 7

According to conservative observers, list 3 ways how bias operates.

Answer 7

Media is critical of corporations that they are also critical of market-oriented solutions to social problems.

Journalists give greater /favourable reviews of interest groups or groups that share a more personal liberal or left-wing view.

Mass media concentrates in negative events and ignoring positive aspects of social life.

Question 8

List the three major criteria for framing news. I

Answer 8

Immediacy
Personalization
Extraordinariness

Question 9

Define immediacy

Answer 9

Communicating news as rapidly as possible.

To generate interest and curiosity, immediacy is utilized by the news.

Question 10

Define personalization

Answer 10

When news talks about explanations, they always reduce the reason to individual motives and psychology

Question 11

Define extraordinary.

Answer 11

News concerns events that are out of the ordinary (basically negative)

Question 12

How does negative news reinforce dominant ideology (2 ways).

Answer 12

1) dwelling on the negative invokes and reproduces dominant definitions of what is normal.
2) Deviance and conflict news also focuses on the actions of the people of authority (governments, police). Therefore, it reinforces the idea that there are authoritative figures that will solve the problem.

Question 13

What are three broad types of news source?

Answer 13

Official news source

Ordinary news source

Alternative news source

Question 14

What are official news sources.

Answer 14

Representative of dominant institutions.

Example
politicians
Police officers
Experts

Question 15

What are ordinary news sources?

Answer 15

Play double role as eyewitness or victims of newsworthy events

They are the ones adversely affected by deviance conflict and disruption

Question 16

What are alternative news sources?

Answer 16

Representative of social movements and social advocacy

Question 17

What do alternative sources address?

Answer 17

Address the social problems that underlie the harm that ordinary victims suffer.

They reframe the emotions of victims into a political perspective of injustice and inequity.

Question 18

Who is the primary source of information?

Answer 18

Official news sources

Question 19

According to critical theorists, what is the outcome of the ongoing struggle for control between journalists and their sources?

Answer 19

The outcome depends on the power the sources exercise over the flow of info.

Question 20

Example of power over flow of info.

Answer 20

Police enjoy this monopoly over the flow of info because there is no one else to compete with. They are the only source of credible info.

Question 21

What are the two approaches to media effects?

Answer 21

Media violence

Audience interpretation

Question 22

Cultivation analysis

Answer 22

Long term exposure to television may have effects that could be at odds with real-life experiences.

Question 23

What is the mean world syndrome?

Answer 23

Those who play more violent video games and watch violent shows/movies are more likely to perceive society as more violent that it really it is.

Question 24

Digital divide

Answer 24

Explain how access to and use of media technologies lead to exacerbation and reproduction of political inequities