Chapter 5 Flashcards
Consciousness
Awareness of internal and external stimuli
Stream of Consciousness was named by
Functionalist William James
Who argued that the stream of consciousness has depth?
Sigmund Freud
EEG
device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by attaching recording electrodes to the scalp
What brain waves are engaged if you are alertly thinking
beta waves
what brain waves are engaged if you are relaxed and resting
alpha waves
what brain waves are engaged when you are dreaming
delta waves
what brain waves are engaged in light sleep
theta waves
biological rhythms
periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning that serve as “biological clocks”
Circadian rhythms
24 hr biological cycles found in humans and many other species which regulate sleep , blood pressure, urine cycle, hormones and affect alertness memory and cognitive performance
EMG
records muscular activity and tension
How does exposure to light affect circadian rhythms
receptors in the retina send direct inputs to a small structure in the hypothalamus called the SCN which sends signals to the pineal gland which secretes melatonin
EOG
records eye movements
Stage 1 of sleep
First 10 to 12 minutes; alpha waves give way to theta waves
Stage 2 of sleep
10 to 12 more minutes; sleep spindles occur
SWS
Sleep stages 3 and 4 where delta waves become prominent
REM Sleep
Deep deep sleep with beta waves where theres rapid eye motiom, where ppl dream
How many times is the NREM and REM cycle repeated typically throughout the night
4; progressively NREM get shorter while REM gets longer
Newborns sleep how many hrs in the day?
16; 50% is REM
Ascending Reticular Activating System
consists of the incoming nerve fibers running through the reticular formation that influence physiological arousal to the cortex
Why is REM sleep so important?
Memory Consolidation
neurogenesis
formation of new neurons; fostered by REM sleep
Sleep Apnea
frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep
Nightmares
anxiety arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep
Night terrors
abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by feelings of panic
Somnambulism
sleepwalking
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
marked by potentially troublesome dream enactments during REM periods
Explain the sleep cycle
People pass through a sleep cycle which lasts 90 minutes of five cycles. 3 and 4 are SWS and then fifth is REM. This cycle is repeated about 4 times
Hypotheses about evolutionary aspect of sleep
energy conservation, hiding from predators, restoration of resources
manifest content of a dream
plot of the dream at surface level
latent content of a dream
hidden meaning of the events in a plot
Three theories on the purpose of dreams
wish fulfillment, problem solving, side effects of REM sleep
Hypnosis
systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility
Psychoactive drugs
chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning by affecting the neurotransmitter aspect of the brain
Narcotics
drugs from opium that relieve pain
Sedatives
sleep inducing drugs which tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioral activity by elevating activity in dopamine circuites
Stimulants:
drugs that increase central nervous system activation
Examples of narcotics
oxycodone, codeine, heroine, methedone
Examples of Stimulants
cocaine, caffeine crystal meth, crack, nicotene
Ecstasy
Compound drug related to both stimulants and hallucinogens
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
long and rapid releases of dopamine along this pathway are what makes ppl abuse drugs
lucid dreams
people know theyre in a dream
