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Chapter 5, 6 &7 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

0
Q

What is myocardium?

A

The thick muscular middle layer of the heart. Contraction of this muscle layer develops the pressure required to pump blood through the blood vessels.

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1
Q

What is endocardium?

A

Inner layer of the heart, lining the heart chambers. It is very smooth, thin layer that serves to reduce friction as the blood passes through the heart chambers.

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2
Q

What is epicardium?

A

The outer layer of the heart.

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3
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The double layered pleural sac where the heart is enclosed.

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4
Q

The heart is divided into what?

A

4 chambers or cavities. Two atria and two ventricles

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5
Q

The right and left side are decided by what?

A

Walls called the Interatrial septum and the interventricle septum

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6
Q

The atria are what?

A

The receiving chambers

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7
Q

The ventricles are?

A

The pumping chambers

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8
Q

Cardiovascular system is also called what?

A

The circulatory system which maintains the distribution of blood throughout the body and is composed of the heart and blood vessels- arteries, capillaries and veins.

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9
Q

The circulatory system is composed of what two parts?

A

The pulmonary and systemic

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10
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

It transports deoxygenated blood between the heart to the lungs

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11
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues and cells, then back to the heart.

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12
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A

Tip at the lower edge

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13
Q

What part of the heart has a thicker myocardium and why?

A

The ventricles so they can eject blood out of the heart and into the great arteries

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14
Q

What do the 4 valves of the heart do?

A

Act as a restraining gate to control the direction of blood flow.

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15
Q

What is the tricuspid valve?

A

An atrioventricular valve meaning it controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle. Once blood enters the right ventricle it can not go back up to the atrium. The prefix tri means 3 indicates this valve has 3 leaflets or cusps

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16
Q

What is the Pulmonary valve?

A

A semilunar valve, semi meaning half and lunar meaning moon. Indicates this is a half moon shape. Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. This valve prevents blood to go back into the right ventricle

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17
Q

What is the mitral valve?

A

Also known as the bicuspid valve, indicating it has two cusps, it is an atrioventricular valve from the left atrium to the left ventricle, this prevents blood to flow back up to the left atrium

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18
Q

What is the aortic valve?

A

A semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta, prevents blood flow to go back into the left ventricle

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19
Q

How does blood flow through the heart (6 steps)?

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood from all the tissue in the body flow into the right atrium through two large veins called the Superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava
  2. Right atrium contracts and blood flows through the tricuspid valve into relaxed right ventricle
  3. The right ventricle then contracts and blood is pumped through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs for oxygenation
  4. The left atrium receives the blood returning to the heart after oxygenation, this blood enters from the 4 pulmonary veins.
  5. The left atrium contract and blood flows through the mitral valve to the relaxed left ventricle.
  6. When the left ventricle contracts the blood is pumped through the aortic valve and into the aorta which carries it to all parts of the body.
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20
Q

What is the largest artery in the body?

A

The aorta

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21
Q

Why do the heart chambers alternate between relaxing?

A

In order to push blood forward

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22
Q

What is diastole?

A

The period of time a chamber relaxes

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23
Q

What is systole?

A

A period of time a chamber contracts

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24
Q

The heart rate is regulated by what?

A

The autonomic nervous system because we have no control over the beating of our heart

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25
Q

What is the Sinatrial (SA) node?

A

The pacemaker, where the electrical impulses begin, from the SA a wave of electricity travels through the atria causing them to contract or go into systole

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26
Q

What is responsible for conducting an electrical impulse through the different chambers?

A

Special tissue

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27
Q

In what 5 steps do electrical impulses travel through the heart?

A
  1. The SA or pace maker through the atria
  2. The atrioventricular node is stimulated
  3. This node transfers the stimulation to atrioventricular bundle ( formerly called the bundle of His)
  4. Electrical signal travels down the bundle branches within the interventricle septum
  5. The purkinje fibers out in the ventricle myocardium are stimulated. Resulting in ventricle systole.
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28
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, capillaries and veins

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29
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

Pipes that circulate blood throughout the body

30
Q

What is the lumen?

A

The channel within vessels through which blood flows

31
Q

What is an artery?

A

Large thick walled vessels that Cary blood away from the heart

32
Q

Arteries contain a thick wall of what?

A

Smooth muscle that contract or relax to change the size of the arterial lumen

33
Q

What carries blood away from the heart to the lungs

A

The pulmonary artery

34
Q

What branches from the aorta?

A

The coronary arteries this provides blood to the myocardium

35
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Smallest of the arteries they deliver blood to the capillaries

36
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Network of tiny blood vessels referred to as a capillary bed

37
Q

What flow in and out of capillary beds?

A

Arterial blood flow in and venous blood flow out

38
Q

What does a capillary have?

A

It has very thin walls allowing for diffusion of oxygen and nutrients into the body tissue, likewise carbon dioxide and waste products out of the body tissue sand into the blood stream

39
Q

What are the purpose of veins?

A

Carry blood back to the heart, veins have much thinner walls than arteries causing them to collapse easily. Veins also have valves that allow the blood from back flowing, ensuring blood always flows toward the heart.

40
Q

What are venules?

A

Small veins, coming from the capillaries ,that merge into larger ones

41
Q

What is superior vena cava?

A

Large vein which carries blood from the upper body

42
Q

What is the inferior vena cava?

A

Large vein that carries blood from the lower part of the body

43
Q

How does blood flow through the veins?

A

Blood pressure in the veins is much lower than the arteries. muscular action against veins and skeletal muscle contractions help to move the blood

44
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The measurement of the force exerted by blood against the wall of a blood vessel.

45
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

During ventricle systole blood is under a lot of pressure from ventricle contraction giving the highest blood pressure reading

46
Q

What is pulse?

A

Felt at the wrist or throat, is the surge of blood caused by the heart contraction. This is why pulse rate is usually equal to heart rate.

47
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

During ventricle diastole, blood is not being pushed by the heart at all and the blood pressure reading drops to its lowest point

48
Q

Why do you need both diastolic and systolic numbers for blood pressure reading?

A

To see the full range

49
Q

How many liters of blood does a average adult have?

A

About 5 liters that circulates throughout the body within the cardiovascular system

50
Q

What is plasma?

A

Watery substance cells float in

51
Q

What is blood?

A

A mixture of plasma and cells

52
Q

What are the cells in blood referred to?

A

A formed element

53
Q

What are the three kinds of cells?

A

Erythrocytes - red blood cells
Leukocyte - white blood cells
Platelets

54
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The process where blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow

55
Q

What in the blood are responsible for transporting substances

A

Plasma and erythrocytes

56
Q

The average adult has what percent of whole blood is liquid plasma?

A

55%

57
Q

How much water is in plasma?

A

90 - 92%

58
Q

What is in the other 8-10% of plasma?

A

Dissolved substances especially plasma proteins such as albumin, globulins and fibinogins

59
Q

What does albumin help transport?

A

Fatty substances that cannot dissolve in watery plasma

60
Q

What are the 3 main types of globulins?

A

Gamma globulin-act as an antibody
Fibrinogen - is a blood clotting protein
Plasma proteins

61
Q

What other important substances are dissolved in plasma for transport?

A

Calcium, potassium, sodium, glucose, amino acids, fats and waste products such as urea and creatinine

62
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Biconcave disks that enucleated, meaning they have no nucleus

63
Q

Why do red blood cells have their color?

A

Because they contain hemoglobin

64
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

An iron-containing pigment. It is also the part of red blood cells that picks up oxygen from lungs and delivers it to the tissue of the body

65
Q

How many erythrocytes per cubic milliliter of blood?

A

About 5 million

66
Q

What is the total number erythrocytes in the blood of an average sized adult?

A

About 35 trillion

67
Q

What sex has more erythrocytes?

A

Males have more then females

68
Q

What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days and then the spleen removes the worn out ones from circulation

69
Q

Most of the red blood cell can be reused such as iron but what one portion cannot?

A

Bilirubin which is disposed of by the liver

70
Q

What is thrombocytes?

A

Platelets, refers to the smallest of all the formed blood elements

71
Q

What plays a critical part of the blood clotting process known as hemostasis?

A

Platelets

72
Q

What is it called when platelets clump together into small clusters when a vessel is cut or damaged?

A

Agglutinate

73
Q

What is the spleen?

A

It is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, consisting of lymphatic tissue. Is highly infiltrated with blood vessels. It filters out

Chapter 5, 6 &7 (2 decks)

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