Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Principle of Pooling Risks

A

The losses of few are met by the contributions of the many

Forming a common pool

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2
Q

Law of Large Numbers

A

By underwriting a large number of risks, insurers can predict losses more accurately and stabilise their financial results

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3
Q

Anti-Selection

A

When insurers fail to price and underwrite risks properly, attracting higher risk customers while deterring desirable ones

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4
Q

Underwriting Footprint

A

The boundaries within which an insurer operates, including the types of risks accepted and the limits on income and retention

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5
Q

Personal Lines v Commercial Lines in Underwriting

A

Personal lines use standardised terms and competitive pricing

Commercial lines require customised underwriting and higher commissions

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6
Q

Risk Appetite

A

Defines the type of risk an insurer will or will not accept, the limits on income and the use of reinsurance

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7
Q

Main Elements of Motor Insurance Premiums

A
  • anticipated claims costs
  • operating expenses
  • reinsurance and levies
  • contribution to profit
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8
Q

Two Types of Expenses in Motor Insurance

A

Variable costs - dependent on transaction volume

Fixed costs - independent on transaction volume

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9
Q

What factors influence reinsurance costs

A

The type of business written and the minimum premium levels set by reinsurers

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10
Q

Periodical Payment Orders

A

Structured settlements where periodic payments are made to cover future needs

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11
Q

Courts Act 2003 and PPOs

A

The Act gave courts the power to order PPOs without the consent of both parties

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12
Q

Personal Injury Discount Rate

A

The discount rate was set at -0.75%, a significant decrease from 2.5%

It is now 0.25% from 2019

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13
Q

Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012

A

Introduced key reforms in civil litigation funding, including abolishing the recoverability of success fees in “no win, no fee” agreements

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14
Q

Fixed Recoverable Costs

A

Predefined costs associated with legal claims, ensuring costs remain proportionate to the severity of the claim

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15
Q

District of Garaging or Use

A
  • high traffic areas lead to higher claim frequency
  • garaging areas influences rating
  • postal codes now used to classify risks
  • rural areas generally lower risk
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16
Q

Classification of Vehicle

A
  • vehicles classified by engine capacity, value, performance, repair cost and safety features
  • original 7 groups expanded to 50 over time
17
Q

Earned Vehicle Years

A

Exposure for risks in force during a specific period

18
Q

Earned Premiums

A

Portion of premiums reflecting the exposure during the review period

19
Q

Risk Factor Analysis

A

Analysing risks based on factors like district, driver age, vehicle type, usage and cover type

20
Q

Ratios in Underwriting

A

Incurred Claims Ratio - ratio of claims paid and estimated future liabilities to premium charged

Expense Ratio - portion of the premium allocated to cover operating costs

21
Q

Elasticity of Demand

A

Elasticity measures the change in demand as a result of a price change
If demand increases when the price decreases, the product is considered elastic

22
Q

Cap and Collar

A

Limits the maximum price increase (cap) and reduction (collar) to maintain price stability

23
Q

Motor Car Underwriting Factors

A
  • Proposer’s Information
  • Drivers Age, Medical History, Occupation and Experience
  • Driver’s Claims History
  • Driver’s Conviction History
  • Value and Age of vehicle
  • Previous insurance applications
  • Security of Vehicle
24
Q

Rehabilitation Periods

A

Fine - 1 year
Endorsement - 5 years
Penalty Points - 3 years
Disqualification - The end of the disqualification period
Imprisonment is spent after periods varying between 2 and 11 years, sentences of more than 4 years are ‘never spent’

25
Vehicle Information Validation
Insurers link to databases such as the DVLA to retrieve vehicle details
26
Accident and Loss History Checks
CUE - check past claims and accidents MIAFTR - to identify thefts and total loss claims
27
Credit Scoring in Underwriting
The score is based on factors such as financial history and is used to make underwriting or pricing decisions
28
Use of Mapping and Census Data
- can aid in geographical risk assessment, such as flood prone areas
29
Loading and Premium Calculation
- loadings are added to the base premium for higher-risk features - factors like claims history, convictions and vehicle modifications may result in a loading
30
Discounts for Multiple Vehicles
Discounts may apply when two or more vehicles are insured under one policy
31
Exclusion of DOC and coverage for high-risk drivers
- DOC benefit may be excluded for policyholders under 21 or in certain high-risk occupations
32
Types of Telematics
- Pay as You Drive (PAYD) - Pay Per Mile - Usage Based Insurance - Pay How You Drive (PHYD)
33
ADAS and autonomous vehicles
- electronic systems provide varying levels of assistance - ADAS reduces accident frequency and claims costs, but repair costs are higher
34
Automated Lane Keeping System
ALKS vehicles may be classified as self-driving in certain conditions
35
Motorcycle Risk Differences
- present higher risk due to greater vulnerability to injury - sidecars provide more stability but increase passenger risk
36
Motorcycle Rating and Grouping
- rated by engine size, performance and price - typically grouped into 10-15 categories
37
Motorcycle Driving Factors
- claims experience varies with age and experience - high risk for younger, less experienced drivers - stricter licensing laws include CBT, theory test and restricted access to more powerful motorcycles