Chapter 5 Flashcards
What were the main reasons for conflict between France and England?
Desire for more territories and resources
Both countries sought to expand their influence in North America and Europe.
What time period did France and England engage in almost constant warfare?
1690 to 1763
This was a period marked by numerous conflicts between the two nations.
What was the perspective of the Halifax merchant regarding the war?
If our navy can defeat the French, we will have a much larger market for our goods
This reflects the economic motivations behind the conflict.
What concern did the Canadien habitant express?
Fear of losing livelihoods, homes, rights, language, and religion
This represents the apprehension of cultural and personal loss due to the war.
What was the viewpoint of the Mi’kmaq woman regarding the British?
The British have been our enemy since they raided us to enslave us
This illustrates historical tensions between Indigenous peoples and British forces.
What alliance did the Mohawk trapper express concern about?
Alliance with the French
This indicates the complexities of Indigenous alliances during the conflict.
What is a fact?
Information that is accepted as correct and true
Facts are essential for understanding historical events accurately.
What is bias?
A tendency to favor one perspective over another
Bias can affect how history is understood and interpreted.
What is an opinion?
A personal point of view or judgment about something
Opinions can often be confused with facts, but they are subjective.
What global conflict began in 1756 and involved France and England?
The Seven Years’ War
This conflict is often considered one of the first true world wars due to its global scale.
In which regions did France and England fight during the Seven Years’ War?
Europe, India, the Caribbean, and Africa
These regions were critical as both countries had colonies and resources they aimed to protect or expand.
What was the French perspective on their presence in North America by 1750?
The French were well established, claiming a vast area with 50,000 colonists in New France
The French colonists began to identify as Canadiens, seeing themselves as a new people.
What significant regions did the French claim in North America?
Île Saint-Jean, Cape Breton, Louisiana, and the area along the St. Lawrence River
Acadia was British but populated by French-speaking people.
How did the French colonists view their security in New France?
They felt secure, believing they were protected by France and fortified locations like Québec and Louisbourg
This sense of security may have been overly optimistic.
Who were the Canadiens?
Francophone citizens of Québec
A Francophone is someone whose first language is French.
What shift occurred in identity for English-speaking Canadians after the First World War?
They no longer wished to be known as British subjects and began calling themselves ‘Canadians’
This led to increased use of the term ‘French-Canadian’ for Francophones.
True or False: The French colonists in North America felt threatened by English armies in the mid-1700s.
False
They felt secure due to their fortifications and support from France.
What was the population comparison between English colonists and French colonists in North America?
English colonists far outnumbered French colonists.
What did the English colonists need more of for their growing population?
More farmland.
Why could the English colonists not cross the Allegheny Mountains?
France had claimed the area and built forts.
What was at stake in the Atlantic region?
Control of the fisheries.
What was the significance of the Atlantic fisheries?
Produced tonnes of cod and other fish for Europe.
What major gateway to the continent did England want to control?
The St. Lawrence River.
What was the military advantage of the English?
The most powerful navy in the world.
What is the difference between ‘England’ and ‘Great Britain’?
‘Great Britain’ includes England, Scotland, and Wales.
What countries make up the United Kingdom?
Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
What were some British strengths in the conflict?
- Powerful navy
- Military supplies from England
- Strong army in Europe
What were some French strengths in the conflict?
- Haudenosaunee allies
- Strong fortresses at Louisbourg and Québec
- Many First Nations allies
Name two First Nations allies of the French.
- Mi’kmaq
- Maliseet
What was a significant British weakness?
Constant bickering among the Thirteen Colonies.
What was a significant French weakness?
Dependence on France for supplies.
Fill in the blank: The English felt _______ as they were blocked from expanding.
hemmed in.
True or False: The French had a vast territory that was easy to defend.
False.
What was the single entry route to the French colony?
The St. Lawrence River.
What challenge did the French military officials face?
Inability to agree on a defence policy.
What was the population of Quebec by 1750?
About 8000
Quebec was the largest town in New France.
What were the two main sections of Quebec called?
Upper Town and Lower Town
Upper Town was a walled fortress, while Lower Town was the port area.
What was located in the Upper Town of Quebec?
The governor’s mansion and homes of the wealthy
The Upper Town was situated high above the river.
What type of buildings lined the harbourfront of the Lower Town?
Stone warehouses
These warehouses were used for cargo deliveries and shipping furs.
What strategic location did Quebec occupy?
At a narrowing of the St. Lawrence River
This made it a gateway to the colony.
Why were the French confident in Quebec’s defenses?
No enemy could overcome its defenses
All ships had to pass within range of its cannons.
Who led the British force into the Ohio River Valley in 1754?
General George Washington
He would later become the first president of the United States.
Fill in the blank: Quebec was the only _______ city in North America.
fortified
This status contributed to its historical significance.
What significant event occurred in the Ohio River Valley in 1754?
The war for North America began
This marked the escalation of conflicts leading to larger military engagements.
What happened to Washington’s force in 1754?
He suffered defeat
This was his first military engagement in the conflict.
What was the outcome of the British attempt to take the Ohio River Valley the following year?
The result was the same (defeat)
The British faced challenges despite increasing their forces.
