Chapter 5 Flashcards
What is the trial balance?
It is a summary of the balances on all the ledger accounts making up the general ledger
When is a trial balance prepared?
Before the final financial statements are produced
What is the trial balance used for?
The trial balance is used to detect errors. Total debits should equal total credits.
If they don’t, an error, or errors have been made. The trial balance is also used to extract the financial statements, via the “extended trial balance”.
Profits in the trial balance
Note there is no account for “profit” but that total debits = total credits. To prepare the financial statements you must be able to classify each balance as an asset, liability, income, capital or expense
What are the main categories of booking errors
Ones that result in the trial balance being out of balance
Ones that DONT result in the trial balance being out of balance
What is compensating error
When two separate errors of equal value cancel each other out
TB still balances
What is casting error
Adding up error - too much or two little
TB does not balance
What is a trial balance structured lik?
List of Accounts | Debit | Credit
only one line of debit or credit filled in?
total at bottom of each column
Debit SHOULD = Credit
What adjustments have to be made once the trial balance has been drawn up
1) depreciation
2) accruals and prepayments
3) Irrecoverable (‘bad’) debts
4) Recording closing inventory
5) Correcting errors
All have to be recorded in the nominal ledger, via the journal
What does the statement of profit or loss show?
The statement of profit or loss tells the results of the accounting period
i.e. it shows financial performance
What is the structure of the statement of profit or loss
Revenue
Gross Profit
Profit before tax
Profit for the year
What is the section of the statement of profit or loss before gross profit called?
Trading Account
At the end of the period when books are closed, what happens with the statement of profit or loss?
All income and expense accounts are cleared to the statement of profit or loss
What are other words for statement of profit or loss?
income statement
profit or loss account
income and expenditure account
profit or loss
How is the statement of profit or loss treated in terms of the ledger account
The statement of profit or loss is a seperate ledger account in the nominal ledger and normal double entry rules apply
How is the statement of profit or loss represented in terms of D and C
Dr Sales (to clear the sales accounts to zero)
Cr statement of profit or loss
Is anything carried forward on the statement of profit or loss
we do not ‘carry forward’ balances on the statement of profit or loss
ALL income and expense accounts start the next period with nil balances
We want to show income and expesnse for a period - wrong to have last year’s sales or wages sitting in the ledger accounts for this year
What is the final step of profit and loss statement?
Clear the balance on the statement of profit or loss, which will be the profit or loss for the year. This is added to the owners capital.
Drawings are deducted from the owners capital
What are drawings?
drawings” refer to the amounts of money or other assets that the owner of a business withdraws from the business for personal use.
These withdrawals reduce the owner’s equity or capital in the business.
Drawings are not considered expenses of the business and do not appear on the statement of profit or loss.
Instead, they are deducted from the owner’s capital account in the equity section of the balance sheet.
What is the Statement of Financial position sometimes called?
The balance sheet
What is the statement of financial position
a snapshot of the business assets and liabilities at a particular date
What are the two main sections of the Statement of FInancial position
Debits and Credits
In the statement of financial position, what is in the debits section#/
Assets
MORE HERE
Total Assets
In the statement of financial position, what is in the credits section?
Capital and Liabilities
MORE HERE - vid?
Total Capital and liabities
What are the 6 accounting equations
Debits = Credits
Assets = Liabilities + Capital + Profits - Drawings
Assets - Liabilities (net assets) = Capital + Profits - Drawings
Net assets = Capital
Change in Net assets = Change in capital + Profit - Drawings
Profit = Increase in Net assets - Increase in Capital + Drawings
What is the theory behind the accounting equation
always two equal and opposite entries for every transaction, the accounts should balance, that is the total of debit entries should be equal to the total of the credit entries
this equation can therefore be rearranged in many different forms
