Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 411 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

states that membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

lipid rafts

A

long-lasting, specialized patches of certain proteins or lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

transport proteins

A

provide selective hydrophilic channel across membrane, others change shape to shuttle a substance from one side to the other, some hydrolyze ATP to pump substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

enzymatic proteins

A

enzyme with its active site (where the reactant binds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

signal transduction proteins

A

receptor may have a binding site with a specific shape that fits the shape of a chemical messenger, such as a hormone; signaler may cause protein to change shape to relay the message to inside of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cell-cell recognition

A

some glycoproteins are specifically recognized by membrane proteins of other cells, usually short-lived compared to intercellular joining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

intercellular joining

A

membrane proteins of adjacent cells may hook together, more long-lasting than cell-cell recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

A

microfilaments or other elements of the cytoskeleton may be noncovalently bound to membrane proteins; this helps maintain cell shape and stabilizes location of certain membrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

diffusion

A

tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into available space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

as many molecules cross the membrane in one direction as in the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

concentration gradient

A

area of high concentration to less concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion down concentration gradient, no energy required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

hydrophilic, large, charged molecules diffuse through membranes with the assistance of transport proteins (channel or carrier)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

active transport

A

substances moved against concentration gradient using ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cotransport

A

when a transport protein can couple downhill diffusion of solute to uphill transport of another solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

tonicity

A

ability of surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain/lose water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

isotonic solution

A

equal concentration of solute, no net water movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solute concentration outside is greater than concentration inside, cell loses water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hypotonic solution

A

solute concentration inside is greater than concentration outside, cell gains water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of membranous sacs and tubes, active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; rough and smooth regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

rough ER

A

surface is studded with ribosomes; secretes glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles, membrane factory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

smooth ER

A

no ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies drugs and poisons, and stores calcium ions

23
Q

ribosome

A

complex of ribosomal RNA and protein; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope

24
Q

flagellum

A

mobility structure in some animal cells, cluster of microtubules within extension of plasma membrane

25
Q

centrosome

A

region where cell’s microtubules are initiated, contains pair of centrioles

26
Q

cytoskeleton

A

reinforces cell’s shape and functions in cell movement; made of protein, includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, and microvilli

27
Q

microvilli

A

projections that increase the cell’s surface area

28
Q

peroxisome

A

organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product and then converts it to water

29
Q

mitochondrion

A

organelle where cellular respiration occurs, and most ATP is generated, enveloped by double membrane, contains prokaryotic-like ribosomes and multiple circular DNA molecules, grow and reproduce semi-independently in cells

30
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane enclosing the nucleus, perforated by pores, continuous with ER

31
Q

nucleolus

A

nonmembranous structure involved in ribosome production; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli

32
Q

chromatin

A

material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes

33
Q

plasma membrane

A

membrane enclosing the cell

34
Q

golgi apparatus

A

receives proteins and lipids from endoplasmic reticulum and sorts them into vesicles to be sent to other organelles, plasma membrane, or cell exterior

35
Q

lysosome

A

digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed

36
Q

central vacuole

A

prominent organelle in older plant cells; functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, and hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth

37
Q

chloroplast

A

photosynthetic organelle; converts sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules, enveloped by double membrane, contains prokaryotic-like ribosomes and circular DNA molecules, grows and reproduces semi-independently

38
Q

plasmodesmata

A

cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

39
Q

cell wall

A

in plant cells, outer layer that maintains cell’s shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein

40
Q

nuclear pores

A

regulate entry and exit of molecules

41
Q

nuclear lamina

A

maintains shape of nucleus; composed of protein filaments

42
Q

cristae

A

folds of inner membrane of mitochondria, present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP

43
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

one of two compartments of inner mitochondrial membrane, catalyzes some metabolic steps of cellular respiration

44
Q

chloroplasts

A

contain chlorophyll, enzymes, and other molecules that function in photosynthesis; found in leaves and other green organs of plants and algae

45
Q

thylakoids

A

membranous sacs of chloroplasts, stacked to form a granum

46
Q

stroma

A

internal fluid of chloroplasts

47
Q

plastids

A

a group of plant organelles that includes chloroplasts

48
Q

endomembrane system

A

nucleus, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane

49
Q

endocytosis

A

cell takes in molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from plasma membrane

50
Q

exocytosis

A

opposite of endocytosis, requires different proteins

51
Q

phagocytosis

A

“eating”, cell engulfs particle by extending pseudopodia around it and packaging it within food vacuole to be digested by lysosomes

52
Q

pinocytosis

A

“drinking”, cell continually and nonspecifically takes in droplets of extracellular fluid into tiny vesicles made by infoldings of its plasma membrane

53
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

specialized type of pinocytosis, useful for solutes with low concentrations, proteins with receptor sites embedded into plasma membrane bind to specific solutes and cluster in pits to form vesicles

54
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell (ancestor of mitochondria) and developed a symbiotic relationship; later, at least 1 of these cells also took up a photosynthetic prokaryote (ancestor of chloroplasts)

BIOL 411 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions