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NBCOT Study > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Gestational Age

A

Age of the fetus or newborn, in weeks, from first day of mother’s last menstrual period

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2
Q

Normal Gestational Period

A

38 to 42 weeks

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3
Q

Gestational period is divided into ___ trimesters

A

three

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4
Q

Conceptual Age

A

age of fetus or newborn in weeks since conception

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5
Q

Prenatal Period

A

a. Responds first to tactile stimuli
b. Reflex Development
c. Innate tactile, proprioceptive, and vestibular reactions

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6
Q

Neonatal Period

A

a. Tactile, proprioceptive, and vestibular inputs are critical from birth onward for the eventual development of body scheme

b. Vestibular system, although fully developed at birth, continues to be refined and impacts on the infant’s arousal level
–Helps the infant to feel more organized and content

c. Visual system develops as infant responds to human faces and items of high contrast placed approximately 10 inches from face

d. Auditory system is immature at birth and develops as the infant orients to voices and other sounds

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7
Q

First Six Months

A

a. Vestibular, proprioceptive, and visual systems become more integrated and lay the foundation for postural control, which facilitates a steady visual field.

b. Tactile and proprioceptive systems continue to be refined, laying the foundation for development of somatosensory skills.

c. Visual and tactile systems become more integrated as the child reaches out and grasps objects, laying the foundation for eye-hand coordination.

d. Infant movement patterns progress from the reflexive to voluntary and goal directed.

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8
Q

Six to Twelve Months

A

a. Vestibular, visual, and somatosensory responses increase in quantity and quality as the infant becomes more mobile.

b. Tactile and proprioceptive perceptions become more refined, allowing for development of fine motor and motor planning skills

c. Tactile and proprioceptive responses also lead to midline skills and eventual crossing of midline

d. Auditory, tactile, and proprioceptive perceptions are heightened, allowing for development of sounds for the purpose of communication

e. Tactile, proprioceptive, gustatory, and olfactory perceptions are integrated, allowing for primitive self-feeding.

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9
Q

Thirteen to Twenty-Four Months

A

a. Tactile perception becomes more precise allowing for discrimination and localization to further refine fine motor skills

b. Further integration of all systems promotes complexity of motor planning as a toddlers repertoire of movement patterns expands

c. Symbolic gesturing and organization promote ideation, indicating the ability to conceptualize

d. Motor planning abilities contribute to self-concept as the toddler begins to master the environment

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10
Q

Two to Three Years

A

a. This is a period of refinement as to the stimulator, proprioceptive, and visual systems further develop, leading to improved balance and postural control

b. Further development of tactile discrimination and localization lead to improved fine motor skills

c. Motor planning and Praxis ideation also progress during this period

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11
Q

Three to Seven Years

A

a. Child is driven to challenge sensory motor competencies through roughhouse play, playground activities, games, sports, music, dancing, arts and crafts, household chores, and school tasks.

  • These activities also provide opportunities to promote social development and self-esteem.
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12
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

Stimulus: stroke the corner of the mouth, upper lip, and lower lip

Response: movement of the tongue, mouth, and/or head during the stimulus

Functional Significance: helps the baby locate the feeding source to begin feeding

Onset Age: 28 weeks gestation

Integration Age: three months

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13
Q

Suck-Swallow Reflex

A

Stimulus: place examiners index finger inside infants mouth with head in midline

Response: strong, rhythmical sucking

Functional Significance: facilitates nutritive sucking for the ingestion of liquid

Onset Age: 28 weeks gestation

Integration Age: 2 to 5 months

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14
Q

Traction Reflex

A

Stimulus: grasp infants for arms and pull to sit

Response: complete flexion of upper extremities

Functional Significance: promotes momentary grasp to enable the child to hold onto Mother when being poured

Onset Age: 28 weeks gestation

Integration Age: 2 to 5 months

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15
Q

Moro Reflex

A

Stimulus: rapidly drop infants head backwards

Response:
-first phase: arm extension/abduction, hand opening
- second phase: arm flexion and adduction

Functional Significance: protective response to stress, helps develop extensor tone during a period when flexor tone is dominant

Onset Age: 28 weeks gestation

Integration Age: 4 to 6 months

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16
Q

Plantar Grasp Reflex

A

Stimulus: apply pressure with them on the inference ball of the foot

Response: toe flexion

Functional Significance: increases input to sole of foot; integration is associated with readiness for independent gait

Onset Age: 28 weeks gestation

Integration Age: nine months

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17
Q

Galant Reflex

A

Stimulus: hold and fat and prawns suspension, gently scratch or tap along side of the spine with finger, from shoulders to buttocks

Response: lateral trunk flexion and wrinkling of the skin on the stimulated side

Functional Significance: enhances trunk stabilization by facilitating lateral trunk movement

Onset Age: 32 weeks gestation

Integration Age: two months

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18
Q

Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR)

A

Stimulus: fully rotate infants head and hold for five seconds

Response: extension of extremities on the face side, flexion of extremities on the skull side

Functional Significance: promotes visual attention to upper extremity; decreases incidents of rolling

Onset Age: 37 weeks gestation

Integration Age: 4 to 6 months

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19
Q

Palmar Grasp Reflex

A

Stimulus: place a finger in infant’s palm

Response: flinger flexion; reflexive grasp

Functional Significance: increases. palmar tactile input; prepares muscles for voluntary grasp

Onset Age: 37 weeks gestation

Integration Age: 4 to 6 months

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20
Q

Tonic Labyrinthine- Supine Reflex

A

Stimulus: place infant in supine

Response: increased extensor tone

Functional Significance: facilitates full-body extensor tone; allows posture to adapt to that of the head

Onset Age: > 37 weeks gestation

Integration Age: 6 months

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21
Q

Tonic Labyrinthine- Prone Reflex

A

Stimulus: place infant in prone

Response: increased flexor tone

Functional Significance: facilitates full-body flexor tone; allows posture to adapt to that of the head

Onset Age: > 37 weeks gestation

Integration Age: 6 months

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22
Q

Landau Reflex

A

Stimulus: hold infant in horizontal prone suspension

Response: complete extension of head, trunk, and extremities

Functional Significance: regulates tone; promotes prone extension to manage flexor tone

Onset Age: 3 to 4 months

Integration Age: 12 to 14 months

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23
Q

Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex

A

Stimulus: place infant in the crawling position and extend the head

Response: flexion of hips and knees

Functional Significance: facilitates quadruped position in preparation for crawling; breaks up total-body extension

Onset Age: 4 to 6 months

Integration Age: 8 to 12 months

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24
Q

Neck Righting (on body) (NOB) Reflex

A

Stimulus: Place infant in supine and fully turn head to one side

Response: log rolling of the entire body to maintain alignment with the head

Functional Significance: facilitates rolling; maintains body orientation in response to cervical position changes

Onset Age: 4 to 6 months

Integration Age: 5 years

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25
Body Righting (on body (BOB) Reflex
Stimulus: place infant in supine, flex one hip and knee toward the chest and hold briefly Response: segmental rolling of the upper trunk to maintain alignment Functional Significance: promotes trunk and spinal rotation to facilitate sitting and quadruped positions Onset Age: 4 to 6 months Integration Age: 5 years
26
Labyrinthine/Optical (head) Righting Reflex
Stimulus: hold infant suspended for vertically and tilt slowly (about 45°)to the side, forward, or backward Response: upright positioning of the head Functional Significance: basis for head management and postural stability; orients head in space vertically Onset Age: birth to 2 months
27
Downward Parachute (Protective Extension Downward) Reflex
Stimulus: rapidly lower infant toward supporting surface while suspended vertically Response: extension of the lower extremities Functional Significance: prepares lower extremities for surface contact (ex. standing); breaks a fall Onset Age: 4 months
28
Forward Parachute (Protective Extension Forward) Reflex
Stimulus: suddenly tip infant forward toward supporting surface while vertically suspended Response: set an extension of the upper extremities, hand opening, and neck extension Functional Significance: places upper extremities in anticipation of surface contact to break a fall; supports prop sitting Onset Age: 6 to 9 months
29
Sideward Parachute (Protective Extension Sideward) Reflex
Stimulus: quickly but firmly tip infant off-balance to the side while in the sitting position Response: arm extension and abduction to the side Functional Significance: unilaterally supports body for use of opposite arm; prevent falls Onset Age: seven months
30
Backward Parachute (Protective Extension Backward) Reflex
Stimulus: quickly but firmly tip and Finn off balance backward Response: backward arm extension or arm extension to one side spinal rotation Functional Significance: protects from backward Falls Onset Age: 9 to 10 months
31
Prone Tilting Reflex
Stimulus: after positioning in Fenton proud, slowly raise one side of the supporting surface Response: curving of the spine toward the race side (opposite to the pull of gravity); abduction/extension of arms and legs Functional Significance: facilitates postural adjustments to maintain center of gravity Onset Age: five months
32
Supine Tilting and Sitting Tilting Reflex
Stimulus: after positioning in Fenton proud, slowly raise one side of the supporting surface Response: curving of the spine toward the race side (opposite to the pull of gravity); abduction/extension of arms and legs Functional Significance: facilitate postural adjustments to maintain center of gravity; promotes sitting balance Onset Age: 7 to 8 months
33
Quadruped Titling Reflex
Stimulus: after positioning in Fenton proud, slowly raise one side of the supporting surface Response: curving of the spine toward the race side (opposite to the pull of gravity); abduction/extension of arms and legs Functional Significance: facilitates postural adjustments to maintain center of gravity and preserve positioning and quadruped Onset Age: 9 to 12 months
34
Standing Tilting Reflex
Stimulus: after positioning in Fenton proud, slowly raise one side of the supporting surface Response: curving of the spine toward the race side (opposite to the pull of gravity); abduction/extension of arms and legs Functional Significance: facilitates postural adjustments to maintain center of gravity and balance during standing and walking Onset Age: 12 to 21 months
35
Crossing the Midline
As the child becomes more mobile, movement against gravity and weight shift increase, leading to eventual crossing of the midline, often in an attempt to reach for a toy, while weight-bearing on the opposing upper extremity for balance (begins at 9-12 months)
36
Laterality
Hemispheric specialization for specific task varies with different individuals (handed-tasks is considered to be stable by 5; however, strong preferences can be seen much earlier)
37
Bilateral Integration
As a child experiments with movement, the nervous system is stimulated, and the resulting sensation to help the child to coordinate the two sides of the body (begins at 9-12 months)
38
Visual-Motor Integration
Dependent on the lower level skills of visual attention, visual memory, visual discrimination, kinesthesia, position in space, figure ground, form constancy, and spatial relations
39
Oral-Motor Control
Developed in the area of feeding, provides the foundation for early oral communication and later language development
40
General Principles of Motor Development
a. occurs in a cephalocaudal/proximal to distal direction b. progresses from gross to fine movement c. progresses from stability to controlled mobility d. occurs in a spiraling manner, with periods of equilibrium and disquilibrium e. sensitive periods occur when the infant/child is affected by environmental input
41
Important aspects in the development of upper extremity function
a. head and trunk control b. eye/hand coordination c. shoulder-scapular stability/mobility d. humeral control e. elbow control f. forearm control g. wrist control h. thumb opposition i. palmar arches of hand j. isolated finger control
42
Gross Motor Skill (prone position) 0-2 months old
- turns head side to side -lifts head momentarily - bends hip with bottom in the air - lifts head and sustains in midline - rotates head freely when up - able to bear weight on forearms - able to tuck chin and gaze at hands in forearm prop - attempt to shift weight on forearms, resulting in shoulder collapse
43
Gross Motor Skill (prone position) 5-6 months old
- shifts weight on forearms and reaches forward - bears weight and shifts weight on extended arms - legs are closer together and thighs roll inward toward natural alignment - hips are flat on surface -equilibrium reactions are present
44
Gross Motor Skill (prone position) 5-8 months
- airplane posturing in prone position; chest and thighs lift off surface
45
Gross Motor Skill (prone position) 7-8 months
- pivots in prone position - moves from prone position to sit
46
Gross Motor Skill (prone position) 9 months
- begins to dislike prone position
47
Gross Motor Skill (supine position) 0-3 months
- head held to one side - able to turn head side to side
48
Gross Motor Skill (supine position) 3-4 months
- holds head in midline -chin is tucked and neck lengthens in back -legs come together -lower back flattens against the floor
49
Gross Motor Skill (supine position) 4-5 months
- head lag is gone when pulled to a sitting position - hands are together in space
50
Gross Motor Skill (supine position) 5-6 months
- lifts head independently - brings feet to mouth - brings hands to feet - able to reach for toy with one or both hands - hands are predominantly open
51
Gross Motor Skill (supine position) 7-8 months
-equilibrium reactions are present
52
Gross Motor Skill (rolling) 3-4 months
- rolls from prone position to side accidentally because of poor control of weight shift - rolls from supine position to side
53
Gross Motor Skill (rolling) 5-6 months
- rolls from prone position to supine position - rolls from supine position to side with right and left leg performing independent movements - rolls from supine to prone position with right and left leg performing independent movements
54
Gross Motor Skill (rolling) 6-14 months
- rolls segmentally with roll initiated by the head, shoulder, or hips
55
Gross Motor Skill (creeping) 7 months
crawls forward on belly
56
Gross Motor Skill (creeping) 7-10 months
- reciprocal creep
57
Gross Motor Skill (creeping) 10-11 months
- creeps on hands and feet
58
Gross Motor Skill (creeping) 11-12 months
- creeps well
59
Gross Motor Skill (sitting) 0-3 months (held in sitting)
- head bobs in sitting -back is rounded - hips are apart, turned out, and bent - head is steady - chin tucks; able to gaze at floor - sits with less support - hips are bent and shoulders are in front of hips
60
Gross Motor Skill (sitting) 5-6 months
- supports self in sitting - sits alone momentarily - increased extension in back - sits by propping forward on arms -wide base, legs are bent - periodic use of "high guard" position - protective responses present when falling to the front
61
Gross Motor Skill (sitting) 5- 10 months
- sits alone - sits alone steadily, initially with wide base of support - able to play with toys in sitting position
62
Gross Motor Skill (sitting) 6-11 months
- gets to sitting position from prone position
63
Gross Motor Skill (sitting) 7-8 months
-equilibrium reactions are present - able to rotate upper body while lower body remains stationary - protective responses are present when falling to the side
64
Gross Motor Skill (sitting) 8 - 10 months
- sits well without support - legs are closer; full upright position, knees straight - increased variety of sitting position, including "w" sit and side sit - difficult fine motor tasks may prompt return to wide base of support
65
Gross Motor Skill (sitting) 9-18 months
- rises from supine position by first rolling over to stomach then pushing up into four-point position
66
Gross Motor Skill (sitting) 10-12 months
- protective extension backwards, first with bent elbows then with straight elbows - able to move in and out of sitting position into other positions
67
Gross Motor Skill (sitting) 11-12 months
- trunk control and equilibrium responses are fully developed in sitting position -further increase in variety of positions possible
68
Gross Motor Skill (sitting) 11-24+ months
- rises from supine by first rolling to side then pushing up into sitting position
69
Gross Motor Skill (standing) 0-3 months
-when held in standing position, take some weight on legs
70
Gross Motor Skill (standing) 2-3 months
-when held in standing position, legs may give away
71
Gross Motor Skill (standing) 3-4 months
- bears someway on legs, but must be held approximately - head is up in midline, no chin tuck - pelvis and hips are behind shoulders - legs are apart and turned outward
72
Gross Motor Skill (standing) 6-12 months
- pulls to standing position at furniture
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Gross Motor Skill (standing) 5-6 months
- increased capability to bear weight - decreased support needed; may be held by arms or hands - legs are still spread apart and turned outward - bounces in standing position
73
Gross Motor Skill (standing) 5-10 months
- stands while holding onto furniture
74
Gross Motor Skill (standing) 8-9 months
- rotates the trunk over the lower extremities -lower extremities are more active in pulling to a standing position - pulls to a standing position by kneeling, then half-kneeling
75
Gross Motor Skill (standing) 9-13 months
- pulls to standing position with legs only, no longer needs arms - stands alone momentarily
76
Gross Motor Skill (standing) 12 months
- equilibrium reactions are present in standing
77
Gross Motor Skill (walking) 8 months
- cruises sideways
78
Gross Motor Skill (walking) 8-18 months
- walks with two hands held
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Gross Motor Skill (walking) 9-10 months
- cruises around furniture, turning slightly in intended direction
80
Gross Motor Skill (walking) 9-17 months
- takes independent steps, falls easily
81
Gross Motor Skill (walking) 10 - 14 months
- walking: stoops and recovers in play
82
Gross Motor Skill (walking) 11 months
- walks with one hand held - reaches for furniture out of reach when cruising - cruises in either direction, no hesitation
83
Gross Motor Skill (walking) 15 months
- able to start and stop in walking
84
Gross Motor Skill (walking) 18 months
- seldom falls - runs stiffly with eyes on ground
85
Gross Motor Skill (release) 0-1 month
- no release; grasp reflex is strong
86
Gross Motor Skill (release) 1-4 months
- involuntary release
87
Gross Motor Skill (release) 4 months
- mutual fingering in midline
88
Gross Motor Skill (release) 4-8 months
- transfers object from hand to hand
89
Gross Motor Skill (release) 5-6 months
- two-stage transfer; taking hand grasps before releasing hand lets go
90
Gross Motor Skill (release) 6-7 months
one-stage transfer; taking hand and releasing hand perform actions simultaneously
91
Gross Motor Skill (release) 7-9 months
- volitional release
92
Gross Motor Skill (release) 7- 10 months
- presses down on surface to release
93
Gross Motor Skill (release) 8 months
- releases above a surface with wrist flexion
94
Gross Motor Skill (release) 9-10 months
- releases into a container with wrist straight
95
Gross Motor Skill (release) 10-14 months
- clumsy release into small container; hand rests on edge on container
96
Gross Motor Skill (release) 12-15 months
- precise, controlled release into small container with wrist extended
97
Age of Fine Pincer Grasp
12 months
98
Age of Inferior Pincer Grasp
9 months
99
Age of Radial-Digital Grasp
8 months with wrist extended: 9 months
100
Age of Radial-Palmar Grasp
6 months with wrist straight: 7 months
101
Age of Palmar Grasp
5 months
102
Age of Primitive Squeeze Grasp
4 months
103
Age of Dynamic Tripod Posture Grasp
4.5 to 6 years
104
Age of Static Tripod Posture Grasp
3.5 to 4 years
105
Age of Digital-Pronate Grasp
2 to 3 years
106
Age of Palmar-Supinate Grasp
1 to 1.5 years
107
Finger to Palm Translation
A linear movement of an object from the fingers to the palm of the hand (ex. picking up coins) 12 to 15 months
108
Palm to Finger Translation
With stabilization, a linear movement of an object from the palm of the hand to the fingers (ex. placing coins into a slot) 2 to 2.5 years
109
Shift Manipulation
Building your movement of an object on the finger services to allow for repositioning of the object relative to the finger pads; ex. separating two pieces of paper (3-5 years), rolling a piece of clay into a ball (3-6 or more years), shifting on marker or pencil (5-6 or more years)
110
Simple Rotation
Turning or rolling of an object held at the finger pads approximately 90° or less (ex. unscrewing a small bottle cap) 2 to 2.5 years
111
Complex Rotation
the rotation of an object 360 degrees (ex. turning a pencil over to erase) 6 to 7 years
112
In-Hand Manipulation with Stabilization
Several objects are held in the hand and manipulation of one object occurs, while simultaneously stabilizing the others (ex. picking up pennies with thumb and forefinger while storing them in the ulnar side of the same hand) 6 to 7 years
113
Palmar Supinate Grasp
1 to 1.5 years Writing tool held with vested hand, wrist slightly flexed and slightly supinated away from mid position; arm moves as a unit
114
Digital Pronate Grasp
2 to 3 years Writing tool held with fingers, waist neutral with slight owner deviation, and forum pronated; arm moves as a unit
115
Static Tripod Posture
3.5 to 4 years Writing tool held with crude approximation of thumb, index, and middle fingers, ring and little fingers only slightly flexed, graft proximately with continual adjustments by other hand, no find localized movement of digital components; hand moves as a unit
116
Dynamic Tripod Posture
4.5 to 6 years writing tool held with precise opposition of distal phalanges of thumb, index, and middle fingers, ring and little fingers flexed to form a stable arch, wrist slightly extended, grasp distally, MCP joints stabilize doing fine, localized movement of PIP joints
117
Prerequisite Skills for Using Scissors
a. open and close a hand b. isolate or combine the movements of the thumb, index, and middle fingers c. use hands bilaterally; one hand cuts with scissors, while the other hand stabilizes the item being cut d. coordinate arm, hand, and eye movements e. stabilize the wrist, elbow, and shoulder joints so that movement can occur at the distal joints f. interact with the environment in the constructive development play stage
118
Development of Scissor Skills Age: 2 to 3 years
a. shows an interest in scissors b. holds and snips with scissors c. opens and closes scissors in a controlled fashion
119
Development of Scissor Skills Age: 3 to 4 years
a. manipulates scissors in a forward motion b. coordinates the lateral direction of the scissors c. cuts a straight, forward line d. cutes simple geometric shapes
120
Development of Scissor Skills Age: 3.5 to 4.5 years
a. cuts circles
121
Development of Scissor Skills Age: 4 to 6 years
a. cuts simple figure shapes
122
Development of Scissor Skills Age: 6 to 7 years
a. cuts complex figure shapes
123
Power Grasp
Functionality: Description:
124
Hook Grasp
Functionality: Description:
125
Spherical Grasp
Functionality: Description:
126
Cylindrical Grasp
Functionality: Description:
127
Disk Grasp
Functionality: Description:
128
Lateral Pinch
Functionality: Description:
129
Pincer Grasp
Functionality: Description:
130
Three-Jaw Chuck or Tripod Grasp
Functionality: Description:
131
Tip Pinch
Functionality: Description:
132
Ego Adaptation
Adaptive response of the ego in the development of personality
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