Chapter 5

Question 1

Organization

Answer 1

Linking schemes together to form more complex structures in the mind

Question 2

Receptive Language

Answer 2

Understanding the meanings of words and sentences

Question 3

Mental Representations

Answer 3

Internalised mental schemes that endure over time, such as images, words, and concepts

Question 4

Core Knowledge Systems

Answer 4

Knowledge or capability present early in development that may develop with no or little experience

Question 5

Goal directed behaviour

Answer 5

Behaviour directed at attaining a goal or solving a problem

Question 6

Holophrases

Answer 6

Utterances in which a single word is used to capture a variety of meanings

Question 7

Deferred imitation

Answer 7

The imitation of an action witnessed earlier at a later point in time

Question 8

Phoneme

Answer 8

Perceptually distinct language sounds that distinguish one word from another ( for example, /b/ and /p/ distinguish bat and pat

Question 9

Encoding

Answer 9

The processing and storage of information into long-term memory

Question 10

A-not-B search error

Answer 10

An error that occurs when a child continues to search at location A, where an object was previously located, even when the object was visibly placed at location B

Question 11

Violation-of-expectation

Answer 11

A method that involves exposing infants to an event that violates a principle, (such as object permanence) and studying their reactions

Question 12

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 12

A period in which the infant thinks about the world by coordinating sensory information and motor actions

Question 13

Explicit memory

Answer 13

The form of memory, involving conscious deliberate, remembering of events or experiences

Question 14

Telegraphic speech

Answer 14

Short sentences containing mostly high content words and omitting smaller words

Question 15

Object Permanence

Answer 15

Knowledge that objects continue to exist when not visible

Question 16

Cognitive equilibrium

Answer 16

For Piaget, the cognitive state in which infants mental capabilities, allow them to act successfully on the environment or to understand it

Question 17

Accommodation

Answer 17

The modification of existing schemes to fit experiences

Question 18

Infant directed speech (IDS)

Answer 18

The specialised form of speech adults use with infants

Question 19

Expressive language

Answer 19

Producing meaningful words and sentences

Question 20

Statistical learning

Answer 20

The ability of humans to extract statistical regularities from language or other external stimuli as an aid in learning about the environment

Question 21

Overextensions

Answer 21

Words spoken by children that apply to a broader than normal range of objects, for example, dog to mean cat

Question 22

Implicit memory

Answer 22

The form of memory that involves the largely unconscious learning of a response or skill

Question 23

Adaption

Answer 23

The process of gradually using and modifying schemes through repetitive interactions with the environment

Question 24

Grammatical inflections

Answer 24

Grammatical elements that modify the meaning of a noun such as plurals of verb, past, tense, present, progressive

Question 25

Joint attention

Answer 25

A situation in which adult attention to an object attracts the infants attention to the same object

Question 26

Assimilation

Answer 26

Interpreting experience by means of existing schemes

Question 27

Language acquisition device

Answer 27

Structures and processes in the brain that are specifically designed for learning language

Question 28

Home sign

Answer 28

A system of gestural communication developed by deaf children, whose parents do not use sign language

Question 29

Underextensions

Answer 29

Words, spoken by children that apply to a narrower than normal range of objects. For example, dog to mean only large dogs.

Question 30

Babbling

Answer 30

The production of vocal utterances that combine consonants with vowels