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pervasive computing > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Five main properties for UbiCom?

A
  • context aware
  • distributes
  • iHCI
  • autonomous
  • intelligent
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2
Q

Intelligent interaction is built upon basic interaction

A

True

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3
Q

What are the 2 dimensions of intelligent interaction?

A
  1. Interaction Between Multiple Intelligent Systems and Their Environments
  2. Intelligent Interaction Between Relatively Non-Intelligent Multiple Systems and Environments
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4
Q

Interaction between smart devices can be characterized by:

A
  • Digital,
  • Connected,
  • Degree of local autonomous control …
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5
Q

Interaction between intelligent devices can be characterized by:

A
  • Specific notions of intelligence
    [ reflexive, goal-based … ]
  • Different degrees of intelligence
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6
Q

Compare and contrast between Intelligent Environment and Intelligent Interaction.

A

Intelligent Environment:
* Environment for a system, is intelligent

Intelligent Interaction:
* Interaction, between a system and its environment
is intelligent

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7
Q

What is Interaction multiplicity?

A

refers to the various ways in which components within different environments of UbiCom systems interact with each other.

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8
Q

Interaction multiplicity can occur in many different
components of UbiCom systems & their environments. Give examples.

A
  • ICT Environment (C)
    • Services (S)
    • Networks (N).
  • Human Environment (H)
  • Physical Environment (P)
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9
Q

What is a mediator?

A
  • a go between, that facilitates interaction between participants / peers
  • AKA 3rd parties, intermediaries, middle- ware -agents
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9
Q

What is Mediated Interaction?

A

Interaction process facilitated by a mediator

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10
Q

List the advantage and disadvantage of A Mediated Interaction.

A

Advantage
- Enhances peer discovery and service discovery

Disadvantage
- Performance drops as extra intermediate nodes / hops are used

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11
Q

What are the types of mediated interaction?

A
  1. Shared Communication Channel Access
  2. Shared Computation Resource Access
  3. Service Discovery
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12
Q

How do Mediators enhance peer discovery & service discovery?

A
  • a mediator serves as a central point where information is accessed
  • mediator is located at a well-known and static address.
  • mediator uses a standardized directory interface, which helps in organizing and presenting information in a uniform manner.
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13
Q

What are the 2 types of information used in discovery process?

A
  1. Service Capability:
    Mediators store information about the capabilities of various services offered by providers.
  2. Service Preferences:
    mediators store information about the preferences of both requesters and providers.
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14
Q

Different designs for mediators exist depending on how _______ ?

A
  • Service capabilities or preferences are kept private Vs shared
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15
Q

List the Mediator Design Issues.

A
  • When are Mediators used during an interaction
  • Support for anonymity
  • Mediators can be designed to support different representations for capabilities and preferences
  • Mediators can be designed to support different types of interaction
  • Mediator fairness to providers
  • Trust & Neutrality
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16
Q

What are the Interaction Protocols of Mediators?

A
  • Request-reply
  • Asynchronous notifications
  • Other protocols
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17
Q

_____ enables multiple systems to work
together.

A

Cooperative Interactions

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18
Q

What 2 main properties characterize Cooperative Interactions?

A
  • Coordination: synchronizing activities
  • Cohesion: acting together (organizational interaction).
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19
Q

Cooperation is Easier to Manage When?

A
  • Homogeneous Designed Systems Interact
  • There is Centralized Control
  • Systems are Designed as Pure Servers
  • Systems are Designed Statically to Cooperate
  • Systems Act Benevolently and Reliably
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20
Q

Cooperation is Harder to Manage When?

A
  • Different Systems are Designed by Independent Developers
  • Systems Designed to Act Autonomously
  • Systems Support Heterogeneous Goals
  • Systems Need to Cooperate Dynamically
  • Systems act malevolently and may non deterministically malfunction.
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21
Q

What are the Advantages of Cooperative Model?

A
  1. Distributed Problem Solving
  2. Cooperation Reduces Competition
  3. Delegation
  4. Selection
  5. Reliability
  6. Social Engagement
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22
Q

What are the Disadvantages of Cooperative Model?

A
  1. Competition Can Increase
  2. Communication Costs
  3. Coordination & management is more complex
  4. Delegation and Session Initiation Costs
  5. Lack of Control, Privacy Issues
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23
Q

What are the types of Cooperative Interaction
[ coordination ]?

A
  • Explicit Coordinated Cooperation
  • Coordination using Norms and Electronic Institutions
  • Hierarchical and Role-based Organizational Interaction
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24
Q

List the Classifications of Coordination.

A
  1. Message-based vs. process-based
  2. Explicit vs. Implicit
  3. Perfect vs. imperfect
  4. Explicit coordination Vs. Implicit Coordination
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25
Q

What are the sub types of Explicit Coordination?

A
  • Service composition
  • Interaction protocols with inbuilt coordination
    mechanisms
  • Joint planning
  • Joint intentions
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26
Q

What are the subtypes of Implicit coordination?

A
  • Norms and Electronic Institutions
  • Hierarchical & Role-based Organizational Interaction
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27
Q

What are Coordination’s Design Issues?

A
  • Whether or not ISs are spatially and or temporally
    coincident, or not
  • Handling inconsistencies and uncertainty.
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28
Q
A
  1. Provide a flexible way to design a large range of
    organisations
  2. Dynamically configure building facilities to support building energy efficiency
  3. for personalized work environments
  4. for information integration and interoperability
  5. information services which allows IS to dynamically adapt information to multiple contexts
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29
Q

What are cooperators In Competitive Interaction?

A

are those that share their goals with collaborating parties & act together

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30
Q

What are competitors In Competitive Interaction?

A
  • those who keep their goals private & act self-interestedly to further their own goals
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31
Q

As diverse smart autonomous, configurable, networked devices INCREASE in physical spaces _________ INCREASE?

A

competitive interaction

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32
Q

Different types of competitive interaction problems and designs exist. What do they depend on?

A
  • No. of players
  • interaction protocols
  • Strategies
  • Nature of the completion
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33
Q

List the types of Competitive Interactions.

A
  1. Market-Based Interaction and Auctions
  2. Negotiation and Agreements
  3. Convergence
  4. Consensus-Based Protocols
34
Q

Explain Market-Based Interaction and Auctions.

A

Used to allocate resources to individual requesters through competitive mechanisms

35
Q

_____ is More general than auctions, negotiation and agreement processes are employed in marketplaces to agree on terms?

A

Negotiation and Agreements

36
Q

Explain Convergence.

A

a multi-step process where two or more entities iteratively reach an agreement.

37
Q

_____ are utilized to reach agreement between multiple participants, typically for one decision at a time? Give examples

A

Consensus-Based Protocols
Examples : voting protocols

38
Q

What is A generic problem for UbiCom?

A

allocation of limited resources & services to multiple self-interested requestors.

39
Q

What designs can be used to solve the generic problem for UbiComs?

A

Control Can Be Accessed by a Third Party
Concurrency Control
Policy-Based Management
Market-Based Interaction and Auctions
Negotiation and Agreements
Consensus-Based Agreements

40
Q

_____ Is 1 of oldest but still widely-used market based protocols.

A

Auction

41
Q

Negotiations are Designed to allocate resources such as goods and services to one of the bidders.

A

False.
Auctions new

42
Q

What are the characteristics/properties of an english auction?

A
  • a single type of goods
  • single attribute
  • single sided [ auctioneer takes the rein, bidders bid]
  • ascending
43
Q

_____ are designed to reach agreements between
sellers and consumers in a market-place?

A

auctions

44
Q

What is the General aims of Negotiation?

A
  • to modify the policies of local agents. especially in cases where harmful interactions are identified.
45
Q

What are the Uses of negotiation in UbiCom?

A
  • task and resource allocation
  • recognition of conflicts
  • resolution of goal disparities
  • determination of the organizational structure for
    organisational coherence
46
Q

What are the 4 principal Negotiation Design Components?

A
  1. Public Shared Interaction Protocol
  2. Deal Rule
  3. Negotiation Set
  4. Private Strategies
47
Q
A
  1. Pareto Optimal
  2. Stable
  3. Individually Rational
  4. Support Computation and Communication Efficiency
  5. Distributed Search
  6. Game Theory Utilization
  7. Argumentation-Based Negotiation
  8. Different Problem Domain Models
48
Q

List the Different Problem Domain Models for negotiation.

A
  • Task-Based Model
  • State-Based Model
  • Worth-Based Model
49
Q

______ can be used to reach an agreement when
multiple self-interested participants share a common goal?

A

Consensus-based Agreements

50
Q

Unlike negotiation, consensus-based agreements are generally simpler.

A

True

51
Q

Negotiation is useful when there are several alternatives, and it’s unclear which alternative should be chosen.

A

False.
Consensus

52
Q

What are the 2 basic dimensions to supporting intelligent interaction?

A
  • to design conventional system interaction to be intelligent
  • to design individual intelligent systems to interact
53
Q

What are the motivations for Intelligent Conventional System Interactions?

A
  • Mediation & handling heterogeneity
  • Reflection about communication
  • Distributed problem solving
  • Task delegation
  • Flexibility and Selection
  • Reliability
54
Q

What is the motivation for individual intelligent systems to interact with each other?

A

to handle the knowledge bootstrapping problem.

  • Single intelligent entity needs to independently learn everything
  • Single intelligent entity would also need its own internal, complete, knowledge model of the world and of itself
55
Q

What are the design issues for IS Interactions?

A
  • Can common, extensible message protocols be designed for use across multiple types of UbiCom interactions?
  • Can ISs share and fix a common understanding of
    terms or concepts within a domain?
  • Can ISs share the some context associated with a message?
56
Q

What are the 2 separate (sub-) application layer
protocols in IS Communication Protocols?

A
  1. Message Protocols: Specifies the format of individual messages
  2. Interaction Protocols: Specifies sequence of multiple messages
57
Q

What are the Classifications of Interaction Protocols?

A
  • Information sharing Vs. task sharing
  • Unicast Vs. Multicast
  • Pull Vs. P u s h
  • Syntactic Vs. Semantic Vs. Linguistic
58
Q

Give examples of Interaction Failures.

A
  • Network link failure
  • Receiver down
  • Wrong message syntax
  • Wrong default values
59
Q
A
  1. Service-Specific and Domain-Specific Nature
    • service interoperability is challenging
  2. Fixed and Non-Extensible Protocols
  3. Lack of Interaction Flexibility
  4. Enabling Interaction Richness
60
Q

How can we add interaction richness?

A
  • Through use of semantic protocols
  • Using, OWL, Speech Acts
61
Q

Communication protocols (CP) are often specified in terms of machine-readable semantics instead of human-readable semantics.

A

False.
other way around

62
Q

What does the lack of machine-readable semantics poses?

A

challenges for automated processing

63
Q

What is the Nature of Speech Acts?

A

In Speech Acts, certain speech utterances are considered similar to physical actions that have the power to change the state of the world.

64
Q

Give examples of Speech Acts.

A
  • pronouncing a couple as ‘man and wife’
  • sending a message to establish a new fact that changes the state of a Knowledge Base (KB)
65
Q

What is the Basic Structure of Speech Acts?

A
  • Type of Action
  • Pre-conditions
  • Post-conditions
66
Q

What are The most useful types of communicative acts?

A
  • Assertives: set (information, facts, system states)
  • Directives
  • Phatic
67
Q

______ is used to establish, check, prolong and interrupt, control comms?

A

Phatic

68
Q

______ is used to task requests, info queries and mediating actions?

A

Directive

69
Q

What is the benefit of the Speech Act Model?

A
  • It enhances service interoperability by providing a Generic Model for Communicative Acts.
  • This combats the need for applications to specify their own sets of service actions.
    —– which would be complex for heterogeneous service models.
70
Q

What are the semantic specifications for Agent Communication Languages (ACLs) in Speech Acts?

A
  1. Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI)
  2. Contract Programming Model Semantics
  3. Semantic Commitments Based Upon Social Conventions
  4. IP Context as Semantics for Communicative Act
71
Q

What is a Multi-Agent System (MAS)?

A

Are agents that represent multiple interacting IS

72
Q

When MAS interact with other MAS they represent _______ .

A

systems of systems interacting

73
Q

What are the Properties MAS?

A

Degree of Dynamism
Degree of Scale (Number of Agents)
Type of Organizational Control
Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Types of Agents
Type of Agent Interaction (e.g., goal exchange, belief exchange)

74
Q

How can An appropriate Agent Communication Language (ACL) be used together with MAS?

A

_ It can support MAS properties by facilitating communication and interaction among agents.

75
Q

What are the Components of Common MAS?

A
  • Agent Interaction Protocol Suite (AIPS): Agents interact using an Agent Communication Language.
  • Agent Platform or Middleware accessed through an API.
  • MAS Applications.
76
Q

What are the Core Agent Middleware Services?

A
  • ACL Interaction
  • Agent Name/Agent Life-Cycle Management
  • Directory Facilitator Service
77
Q

Agent Communication Language [ ACL ] operates as a suite of multi-layer protocols at the application level.

A

True

78
Q

In the context of the TCP/IP The ACL is referred to as _______ ?

A

AIPS [ Agent Interaction Protocol Suite ]

78
Q

What are the 2 basic types of Agent-Oriented Software Engineering (AOSE) methodologies?

A
  • Those extending or adapting non-IS system methodologies (e.g., object-oriented-based AOSE).
  • Those based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) methodologies.
  • qHybrid methods combining elements from both.
78
Q

What are the Two Main Model Views in AOSE Design?

A
  • Organizational View
  • Operational View
79
Q

_____ Model View in AOSE Design supports a dynamic approach to MAS structure?

A

Organisational View / Role-based Design

80
Q

How is Role-based Design utilized for Dynamism?

A
  • Enables agents to combine multiple roles.
  • Allows several agents to play the same role (redundancy).
  • Permits agents to change roles at runtime.
81
Q

_____ define the order of system (internal) actions and (external) interactions

A

Plans

pervasive computing (3 decks)

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