Chapter 5 Flashcards
Language
System of communication through speech
Threatened Language
Used for face-to-face communication, losing users
Dying Language
used by older people, not being transmitted to children
Literary Tradition
Written as well as spoken
Language Family
collection of Languages related through a common ancestral language that existed before recorded history
Language Branch
collection of Languages within a family through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago
Language Group
collection of Languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary
Vulgar Latin
Latin that people in the provinces learned was not the standard literacy form but a spoken form
Nomadic (Kurgan) Warrior Theory
- Indo-european language first diffused from hearth located in modern Russia/Ukraine around 1,000 BCE
- Kurgans were nomadic warriors
-Conquered through Europe + South Asia -> that’s how they spread the language - Diffused by: migration/military conquest
Sedentary (Anatolian) Farmer Theory
- Adoption of Indo-European Language facilitated THROUGH SUCCESSFUL AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE
- Agriculture more successful, surplus foods available and population increased
- People migrated out of heath + throughout European and Asian continents
- Diffusion by: Migration
Lingua Franca
Common Language that is used by people who don’t share the same native language to communicate or trade (ex: English)
logograms
symbols that represent words or meaningful parts of words
Official Language
used by government to enact legislation, publish documents, and conduct business
Working Language
designated by an international organization or corporation as its primary means of communication for daily correspondence and conversation
pidgin language
learning a few grammar rules and words of a lingua franca and mix in elements of a different language, HAS NO NATIVE SPEAKERS
Dialect Language
regional variation of a language distinguished by vocab, spelling, and pronunciation, by migration and isolation
Subdialect
subdivision of a dialect
Standard Language
dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication
Received Pronunciation (RP)
well known dialect used by politicians, broadcasters, royals and actors
Isogloss
word that is not used nationally that has geographic boundaries
Creole (Creolized Language)
forms as result of mixing a colonizers language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
Mutual Intelligibility
ability of people speaking in two ways to readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort
Switzerland
- has 4 official languages
~ German, French, Italian, + Romanash
Belgium
- Two regions are southern Belgians (walloons) they speak french
- Northern Belgians (Flemings) they speak flemish
- Brussels official languages are french and flemish
Nigeria
- claims of discrimination cause tension
- gov. fixes this by moving the capital
Canada
- has two official languages
~ french and english
Endangered Languages
one that children are no longer learning, and its remaining speakers use it less frequently
Isolated Languages
no relation to any other language, not part of any language family
Extinct Languages
language that was once used by people in daily activities but no longer use
The global distribution of languages results from a combination of two processes ___________
Interaction & Isolation
Institutional Language
Used in specific place, work, education, etc.
Developing Language
Is in daily use by people of all ages
Language Division
Language Families
Language Branches
Language Groups
Languages
Dialects
Accents
Germanic Branch
Spoken mainly in northwestern Europe + north America, divides into high + low Germanic subgroups
Indo-Iranian Branch
spoken mainly in south Asia, most speakers of the language Branch
Balto-Slavic Branch
Spoken primarily in eastern Europe, East Slavic + Baltic group, west + south Slavic group
Romance Branch
Spoken mainly in southwestern Europe and Latin American (Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian
African Language Families
More than 1,000 distinct languages have been documented, most lack written tradition
Diffusion of Languages by Colonialism/Imperialism
Impact not only language but culture
Diffusion of Languages by International Buisness/Trade
has a need to communicate/ lingua franca
Diffusion of Languages by internet/mass media
languages(English) spread rapidly by creators and everything online is in english
