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AP Human > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Language

A

System of communication through speech

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2
Q

Threatened Language

A

Used for face-to-face communication, losing users

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3
Q

Dying Language

A

used by older people, not being transmitted to children

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4
Q

Literary Tradition

A

Written as well as spoken

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5
Q

Language Family

A

collection of Languages related through a common ancestral language that existed before recorded history

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6
Q

Language Branch

A

collection of Languages within a family through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago

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7
Q

Language Group

A

collection of Languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary

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8
Q

Vulgar Latin

A

Latin that people in the provinces learned was not the standard literacy form but a spoken form

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9
Q

Nomadic (Kurgan) Warrior Theory

A
  • Indo-european language first diffused from hearth located in modern Russia/Ukraine around 1,000 BCE
  • Kurgans were nomadic warriors
    -Conquered through Europe + South Asia -> that’s how they spread the language
  • Diffused by: migration/military conquest
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10
Q

Sedentary (Anatolian) Farmer Theory

A
  • Adoption of Indo-European Language facilitated THROUGH SUCCESSFUL AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE
  • Agriculture more successful, surplus foods available and population increased
  • People migrated out of heath + throughout European and Asian continents
  • Diffusion by: Migration
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11
Q

Lingua Franca

A

Common Language that is used by people who don’t share the same native language to communicate or trade (ex: English)

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12
Q

logograms

A

symbols that represent words or meaningful parts of words

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13
Q

Official Language

A

used by government to enact legislation, publish documents, and conduct business

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14
Q

Working Language

A

designated by an international organization or corporation as its primary means of communication for daily correspondence and conversation

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15
Q

pidgin language

A

learning a few grammar rules and words of a lingua franca and mix in elements of a different language, HAS NO NATIVE SPEAKERS

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16
Q

Dialect Language

A

regional variation of a language distinguished by vocab, spelling, and pronunciation, by migration and isolation

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17
Q

Subdialect

A

subdivision of a dialect

18
Q

Standard Language

A

dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication

19
Q

Received Pronunciation (RP)

A

well known dialect used by politicians, broadcasters, royals and actors

20
Q

Isogloss

A

word that is not used nationally that has geographic boundaries

21
Q

Creole (Creolized Language)

A

forms as result of mixing a colonizers language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

22
Q

Mutual Intelligibility

A

ability of people speaking in two ways to readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort

23
Q

Switzerland

A
  • has 4 official languages
    ~ German, French, Italian, + Romanash
24
Q

Belgium

A
  • Two regions are southern Belgians (walloons) they speak french
  • Northern Belgians (Flemings) they speak flemish
  • Brussels official languages are french and flemish
25
Q

Nigeria

A
  • claims of discrimination cause tension
  • gov. fixes this by moving the capital
26
Q

Canada

A
  • has two official languages
    ~ french and english
27
Q

Endangered Languages

A

one that children are no longer learning, and its remaining speakers use it less frequently

28
Q

Isolated Languages

A

no relation to any other language, not part of any language family

29
Q

Extinct Languages

A

language that was once used by people in daily activities but no longer use

30
Q

The global distribution of languages results from a combination of two processes ___________

A

Interaction & Isolation

31
Q

Institutional Language

A

Used in specific place, work, education, etc.

32
Q

Developing Language

A

Is in daily use by people of all ages

33
Q

Language Division

A

Language Families
Language Branches
Language Groups
Languages
Dialects
Accents

34
Q

Germanic Branch

A

Spoken mainly in northwestern Europe + north America, divides into high + low Germanic subgroups

35
Q

Indo-Iranian Branch

A

spoken mainly in south Asia, most speakers of the language Branch

36
Q

Balto-Slavic Branch

A

Spoken primarily in eastern Europe, East Slavic + Baltic group, west + south Slavic group

37
Q

Romance Branch

A

Spoken mainly in southwestern Europe and Latin American (Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian

38
Q

African Language Families

A

More than 1,000 distinct languages have been documented, most lack written tradition

39
Q

Diffusion of Languages by Colonialism/Imperialism

A

Impact not only language but culture

40
Q

Diffusion of Languages by International Buisness/Trade

A

has a need to communicate/ lingua franca

41
Q

Diffusion of Languages by internet/mass media

A

languages(English) spread rapidly by creators and everything online is in english

AP Human (2 decks)

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