Chapter 5 Flashcards
Policing in a Democracy
Four Key Elements:
1. Police must be willing to serve individual citizens and private groups as well as those in political or economic power.
2. Police must be accountable to the law rather than to government.
3. Police must practice a level of professionalism, including respecting human rights (freedom of speech, association, unlawful arrest and detention).
4. Police should be transparent in all their activities(observable, reportable behaviors subject to citizen oversight).
Three Generalizations about modern policing around the world:
1. Policy Agencies around the world are formed and operate within a variety of cultural, historical, and economic factors.
2. Police are a mirror image of the society they serve.
3. Organized in one of three ways:
Centralized: National police force centrally commanded and controlled.
Semi-centralized: Policing in jointly in the hands of states or provinces and the Federal government.
Decentralized: Policing is solely in the hands of states or provinces.
Functions of Police:
Deviance Control: Refers to the police mission and tasks that enforce community values and laws. Police personnel must protect the citizens against lawbreakers such as those that steal or assault other citizens. Conservative in nature, protecting the community against nonconformists and trying to keep violators of community norms under control. Having direct contact with the community in the form of police-community relations or crime prevention programs may be a part of this function of reinforcing community values and discouraging criminal behavior.
Civil Order Control: Refers to the duty of police to respond to, supervise, or control two or more citizens in any situation that may disrupt the peace and tranquility of a society. Often a strong political component in civil order control. Actions that disturb civil order may be extremely threatening to government.
5 models of policing in a democracy
- Democratic Anglo- Peelian: Police are citizen focused, where community service and welfare are as important as crime control and prevention.
- Democratic Continental: Police are concerned with a legalistic approach that is government and law based. Police are less concerned with pleasing the public, and tend to be more militaristic in dealing with citizens.
- Developing Countries: Police have few financial resources, are paid poorly, and as a result are prone to corruption. The police may not even be run by the government.
- Authoritarian: Police are largely a governmental and military force. Citizens are likely to encounter repression, brutality, and torture. Policing may be based on religious law.
- Asian: Police place less emphasis on individual rights and utilize cultural norms to reinforce social order.
Policing: England
Policing developed in England opposite to France. Police in England had a philosophy of being civilians in uniform or friendly, helpful, and capable. The notion was to gain support of the public by consent rather than by force. Traditionally they did not carry firearms and had only their truncheon (baton) as a means of protecting themselves and asserting power.
Highly decentralized. Each town makes its own rules for funding police.
Provincial forces: funded by local districts and regions(50%) and by central government (50%).
Chief constable: main administrator for each provincial force.
British Transport Police.
Greater London Police Forces: Metropolitan Police: (31,500 officers) and London City Police: (900 officers).
Metropolitan Special Constabulary: Unpaid officers operate only in metropolitan London.
Police community support officers (PCSOs): Neighborhood policing.
Specialized police forces: Specific jurisdictions.
- Ministry of Defense Police
- Port of London Authority Police
Training:
- 24 weeks of initial training
- 2 year probation period
- Administrators attend Bramshill College
- Classroom, field, and physical fitness training
Current concerns for police:
- Security for 2012 Summer Olympics, showed a need for better security
- Need for new improved methods of policing
- Enacted more sophisticated computer technology, better use of DNA
Policing: France
Highly centralized with two main parts.
The Gendarmerie Nationale (GN) – 105,000
In contrasts to the English police who see themselves acting for the people, the French police see themselves acting on behalf of the state. Operates under the Ministry of Defense. Leadership centralized in Paris. Conventional deviance control responsibilities. Responsible for small towns and rural areas with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants. Carries more prestige.
The Police Nationale (PN) – 150,000
Ministry of the Interior. Leadership centralized in Paris. Conventional deviance control responsibilities. Responsible for Paris and other urban areas.
GN:
Training: officers live in barracks, places greater emphasis on military aspect. Assigned to civil disorder and other large scale problems.
PN:
Larger police force. Written and physical fitness tests. Must attend night school.
Issues of concern for police:
Civil disorder: major problem for French police.
Long history of taking to streets to express unhappiness.
Violent riots, Drugs, Terrorism, and Immigration.
Arabs and Jews - verbal attacks
Policing: Germany
Decentralized nationally, but centralized within each Lander.
Decentralized Police Force: The German Constitution allows each of the 16 states (lander) to have its own police law and force, controlled by the State’s Interior Ministry.
Within each state are several kinds of police.
Schupo: equivalent to municipal police. First to arrive at scene, handle all aspects of law enforcement and simple investigations.
Kripo: plainclothes police (like detectives). Handle serious investigations. The Federal Border Police. Organized along military lines under Ministry of the Interior. Border control, sea patrol, and railroad security.
Training: Varies but is generally 2-3 years. Recruits join at the age of 16 or 17 straight out of vocational secondary school. Barracks style living and training which focuses on riot control and they study some law and law enforcement.
Issues of concern:
Influx of immigrants over the last 20 years. Hate crimes.
Policing: China
The Chinese Police are centrally monitored by the Ministry of Public Security.
Divided into five main components:
1. Public security police: Basic uniformed patrols and 12 other specialized functions –parole/probation supervision, criminal investigations, fire control, border patrol, and monitoring of all modes of transportation. (90%)
2. State security police: Preventing and investigating espionage, sabotage, and conspiracies.
3. Prison police: Supervise convicted offenders in prisons.
4. Judicial procuratorates police: Escort suspects in cases investigated by the prosecutors (procuratorates).
5. Judicial peoples court’s police: Maintain security and order in the various courts and may also carry out death sentences.
Training:
Most Chinese police graduate from one of the 300 plus police universities, colleges, or police academies. Takes around 6 months – more for higher ranked.
Issues of concern for China:
“Mass incidents”. Economic crimes, corruption, civil unrest, calling for rights.
Policing: Japan
Highly centralized police force nationally, but decentralized provincially.
National Public Safety Commission: Six member civilian commission that oversees the NPA.
National Police Agency (NPA):
Consists of seven regional bureaus and a force of approximately 1,900 officers, 900 imperial guards, and 4,900 civilians. Handles all matters related to national security. Provides training, research, criminal investigations, communications, and public safety. Supervises the Prefectural Police.
Prefectural Police: There are 47 prefectural police forces with approximately 284,000 officers – deviancy and community safety. Each prefectural police force can develop policies and procedures based on the specific needs of the prefect.
Prefectures are divided into several local police stations:
Koban: Police post located in an urban neighborhood; in large cities they can be found every couple blocks. Acts as a community safety center. The heart of the Japanese police operation.
Chuzaisho: Rural equivalent of Koban. Spends time patrolling his district in the rural area and visits each family twice per year. Similar to US Sheriff’s Office.
Civil order control: Handled through separate division in each prefecture. These officers are called Kidotai, and this division is a militarized unit, using military style training and tactics.
Training:
Must graduate from high school and pass a series of exams and interviews. Attend the NPA training school – one year for H.S., and six months for college graduates. One year of field experience, then return to NPA school for another six months of training.
Issues of Concern: Organized crime and Cyber crime.
Policing: Saudi Arabia
Highly centralized. The King appoints or his appointments hand select those in positions of leadership and authority. Responsible for the maintenance of peace and order throughout the country.
Minister of the Interior: Responsible for the administration of all police matters.
Divided into 3 kinds of police:
The regular police or The Department of Public Safety: handles all daily deviance control functions.
Mubahith (Secret police): Conduct criminal investigations and handle matters relating to security and counterintelligence.
Mutawa (Morals police): Ensure that Saudi’s live up to the rules of behavior described in the Q’uran.
Saudi Arabia makes a strong distinction between commissioned officers and rank-and-file police.
Commissioned: Three years of training.
Rank-and-File: Must be literate and spend three months in training.
Pilgrims and Festivals Police Force - handle civil order control functions at all the religious functions, holy sights, and for the millions of pilgrims each year.
Issues for concern: Human rights issues, equal rights for women, and terrorism.
Community Policing
One of the most commonly adopted police operational strategies in the world today. Umbrella term describing programs that represent collaborative efforts between the police and the public to identify crime problems and then come to a solution.
Contributions to growth of community policing: Ever present hostility between police and the public and increasing crime rates worldwide.
4 key elements to implementing community policing:
1. Community based crime prevention: Police and public work together to address the root causes of crime and thereby prevent its long-term spread.
2. Reorientation of patrol activities to emphasize non-emergency servicing: Police are called daily to reorient their activities to improve the daily quality of life and solve problems for citizens in the community.
3. Accountability to the public: Police are asked to be available and to listen to the needs of citizens and address those needs when necessary.
4. Decentralization of command: Decentralization calls for having the police working in the neighborhoods and communities where crime may occur, not only in the station house or anonymously driving around town.
Community Policing in the countries
England - arguably the first to implement community policing in the early 1800’s. New emphasis is called reassurance policing, which calls for a focus on addressing,” signal crimes and disorders,” that increase fear of crime and has an adverse effect on peoples sense of security and causes them to alter their beliefs or behaviors.
France - Police de proximite is the official slogan of the National Police equivalent of community policing. Emphasizes improved relations between the police, the public, and governmental agencies.
Germany - KoB (contact officer): older, specially trained officers who have been assigned to a beat or patrol. They perform what are traditionally the major functions of community police officers.
Japan - the perfect model of effective community policing.
Koban: small local police station that provides direct access to the police for community members and calls for police to address local crime issues.
China - Unique forms of community policing (totalitarian state). “Yanda” campaigns, and ”Building Little Safe and Civilized Communities.” China adapts many of the traditional community policing strategies: crime prevention through environmental design, developing positive relationships with local communities, and increasing police presence in high crime areas.
Saudi Arabia - Does not engage in community policing in traditional ways. Instead, community policing is said to take place in a variety of ways, such as religious education in mosques that teaches about the destructive impact of crime and the harshness of punishment.
Diversity
Improve how police interact with diverse populations:
Police must be trained to be more culturally sensitive to those they serve.
Countries with such problems must enact legislation that protects minorities and addresses discrimination.
Sincere efforts must be made to develop strategies to improve police relations with ethnic communities.
Bring diversity to the police force itself: Police should reflect the diversity of the population that it is serving
International Police Cooperation
Goals of international police cooperation:
Share intelligence on criminal activities that assists with the investigation and apprehension of criminal suspects in one or more jurisdictions.
Create new training and education opportunities, including bilateral exchange of personnel and ideas.
Provide technical assistance that will help under-resourced police agencies.
Allow for officers to work in other countries to address crime issues of mutual concern.
Build professional relationships for future collaboration.
Interpol: Works with local and national police agencies to share information among its members regarding a range of international policing and crime issues. Names, fingerprints, DNA profiles on international criminals, etc.
UNODC: Formed by United Nations. Three main areas: Providing technical support to countries wishing to fight illegal drugs, crime, and terrorism, conducting research about these issues, and assists countries that wish to develop legislation and treaties regarding drugs, crime, and terrorism.
Europol: European Law Enforcement, acts as an information clearing house, lacks the executive powers of search and seizure and arrest.
