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INFORMATION > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

is a conceptual model used in Project Management that describes the stages involved in an information system development project, from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application.

A

systems development life cycle (SDLC)

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2
Q

is a conceptual model used in______________ that describes the stages involved in an information system development project, from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application.

A

Project Management

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3
Q

are systems analysts, systems engineers, and programmers.

A

Systems professionals

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4
Q

are those for whom the system is built. There are many users at all levels in an organization. These include managers, operations personnel, accountants, and internal auditors

A

End Users

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5
Q

are individuals either within or outside the organization who have an interest in the system but are not end users.

A

Stakeholders

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6
Q

are those professionals who address the controls, accounting, and auditing issues for systems development.

A

Accountants/Auditors

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7
Q
  • The creation of an information system entails significant financial transactions.
  • The nature of the products that emerge from the SDLC.
A

Why are Accountants & Auditors involved in SDLC?

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8
Q
  • Accountants are users.
  • Accountants participate in systems development as members of the development team.
  • Accountants are involved in systems development as auditors. Accounting information systems must be
    auditable.
A

How Are Accountants Involved with the SDLC?

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9
Q

it requires maintaining a full-time systems staff of analysts and programmers who identify user information needs and satisfy their needs
with custom systems

A

In-House Development

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10
Q

A growing number of systems are purchased from software vendors. Faced with many
competing packages, each with unique features and attributes, management must choose
the system and the vendor that best serves the needs of the organization.

A

Commercial Systems

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11
Q

Types of Commercial Systems

A
  1. Turnkey systems
  2. General Accounting Systems
  3. Special-Purpose Systems
  4. Office automation systems
  5. Backbone systems
  6. Vendor-supported systems
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12
Q

are completely finished and tested systems that are ready for implementation. These are often general-purpose systems or systems customized to a specific industry

A

Turnkey systems

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13
Q

are designed to serve a
wide variety of user needs.

A

General Accounting Systems.

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14
Q

that target selected segments of the economy. For example, the medical field, the banking
industry, and government agencies

A

Special-Purpose Systems

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15
Q

are computer systems that
improve the productivity of office workers.

A

Office automation systems

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16
Q

provide a basic system structure on which to
build. It comes with all the primary processing modules programmed

A

Backbone systems

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17
Q

are hybrids of custom systems and commercial software.

A

Vendor-supported systems

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18
Q

Advantages of Commercial Software

A
  1. Implementation Time
  2. Cost
  3. Reliability
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19
Q

Disadvantages of Commercial Software

A
  1. Independence
  2. The need for customized systems
  3. Maintenance
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20
Q

involves conceptual steps that can apply to any problem-solving process: identify the problem, understand what needs to be done,
consider alternative solutions, select the best solution, and, finally, implement the solution

A

New systems development

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21
Q

The objective of ___________ is to link individual system projects or applications to
the strategic objectives of the firm

A

systems planning

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22
Q

may include the chief executive officer, the chief financial officer,
the chief information officer, senior management from user areas, the internal auditor,
and senior management from computer services. E

A

steering committee

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23
Q

Who Should Do Systems Planning?

A

steering committee

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24
Q

Resolving conflicts that arise from new systems
* Reviewing projects and assigning priorities
* Budgeting funds for systems development
* Reviewing the status of individual projects under development
* Determining at various checkpoints throughout the SDLC whether to continue with
the project or terminate it

A

just read it

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25
Q

involves the allocation of systems resources at the macro
level. It usually deals with a time frame of 3 to 5 years.

A

Strategic systems planning

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26
Q

This process is similar to ___________ resources for other strategic activities, such
as product development, plant expansions, market research, and manufacturing
technology.

A

budgeting

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27
Q

is concerned with the allocation of such systems
resources as employees

A

strategic systems plan

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28
Q
  1. A plan that changes constantly is better than no plan at all
  2. . Strategic planning reduces the crisis component in systems development
  3. Strategic systems planning provides authorization control for the SDLC.
  4. Cost management.
A

Why Perform Strategic Systems Planning?

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29
Q

is to allocate resources to individual applications within
the framework of the strategic plan

A

project planning

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30
Q

provides management with a basis for deciding whether to
proceed with the project.

A

project proposal

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31
Q

The basic purpose of __________ is to allocate scarce resources to specific
projects.

A

project planning

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32
Q

The product of this phase consists of two formal documents: the __________
and the _________

A
  1. project proposal
  2. project schedule.
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33
Q

Auditors routinely examine the systems planning phase of the SDLC. Planning
greatly reduces the risk that an organization has produced unneeded, inefficient,
ineffective, and fraudulent systems. Therefore, both internal and external auditors
are interested in ensuring that adequate systems planning takes place.

A

Just Read

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34
Q

represents management’s commitment to the project. The
project schedule is a budget of the time and costs for all the phases of the SDLC

A

project schedule

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35
Q

Systems analysis is actually a two step process involving first __________ and then an __________

A
  1. a survey of the current system
  2. analysis of the
    user’s needs.
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36
Q

The deliverable from this phase is a formal _________,
which presents the findings of the analysis and recommendations for the new system

A

systems analysis report

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37
Q

Disadvantages of Surveying the Current System

A
  1. Current physical tar pit
  2. Thinking inside the box
38
Q

“sucked in” and then “bogged down”

A

Current physical tar pit

39
Q

Advantages of Surveying the Current System

A
  1. Identifying what aspects of the old system should be kept.
  2. Forcing systems analysts to fully understand the system
  3. Isolating the root of problem symptoms
40
Q

These include external entities, such as customers or vendors, as well
as internal sources from other departments.

A

Data sources

41
Q

These include both managers and operations users

A

Users

42
Q

are the files, databases, accounts, and source documents
used in the system

A

Data stores

43
Q

processing tasks are manual or computer operations that represent a decision or an action triggered by information.

A

processes

44
Q

are represented by the movement of documents and reports
between data sources, data stores, processing tasks, and users.

A

Data flows

45
Q

These include both accounting and operational controls and may be manual procedures or computer controls.

A

Controls

46
Q

The analyst must obtain a measure of the transaction volumes for a specified period of time.

A

Transaction volumes

47
Q

Transaction errors are closely related to transaction volume

A

Error rates

48
Q

The resources used by the current system include the costs of labor,
computer time, materials (such as invoices), and direct overhead.

A

Resource costs

49
Q

The analyst should note points where data
flows come together to form a bottleneck

A

Bottlenecks and redundant operations

50
Q

involves passively watching the physical procedures of the
system.

A

Observation

51
Q

extension of observation, whereby the analyst takes an active role in performing the user’s work.
• Experience first-hand the problems involved in the operation of the current system.

A

Task Participation

52
Q

Fact-Gathering Techniques

A
  1. Observation
  2. Task Participation
  3. Personal Interviews
  4. Reviewing Key Documents
53
Q

the analyst must determine the
acceptable error tolerances for the new system

A

Error Rates

54
Q

method of extracting facts about the current
system and user perceptions about the
requirements for the new system

A

Personal Interviews

55
Q

allow users to
elaborate on the problem as they see it and
offer suggestions and recommendations.

A

Open ended questions

56
Q

used to ask more specific,
detailed questions and to restrict the user’s
responses.

A

Questionnaires

57
Q

The organization’s documents are another source of facts about the system being surveyed.

A

Reviewing Key Documents

58
Q

is an intellectual process that is
commingled with fact gathering.

A

System Analysis

59
Q

• The event that marks the conclusion of the systems
analysis phase is the preparation of a
formal systems analysis report.
• This report presents to management or the steering
committee the survey findings, the problems
identified with the current system, the user’s needs,
and the requirements of the new system.

A

Systems Analysis Report

60
Q

Accountant/auditor should be involved in the
needs analysis of the proposed system to determine
if it is a good candidate for advanced audit features
and, if so, which features are best suited for the
system.

A

The Auditor’s Role in Systems Analysis

61
Q

Is to produce
several alternative conceptual systems that satisfy the
system requirements identified during systems analysis.

A

conceptual design phase

62
Q

Two (2) Approaches of conceptual design phase

A
  1. Structured Design Approach
  2. Object-Oriented Design (OOD) Approach
63
Q

• a disciplined way of designing systems from the
top down.
• consists of starting with the “big picture” of the
proposed system that is gradually decomposed
into more and more detail until it is fully
understood.

A

Structured Design Approach

64
Q

is to build information systems from reusable
standard components or objects.

A

Object-Oriented Design (OOD) Approach

65
Q

The auditability of a system depends in part on its
design characteristics. Some computer auditing
techniques require systems to be designed with
special audit features that are integral to the system.

A

The Auditor’s Role in Conceptual Systems Design

66
Q

• procedure for selecting the one system from the set
of alternative conceptual designs that will go to the
detailed design phase.
• an optimization process that seeks to identify the
best system.

A

PHASE 4: System Evaluation and Selection

67
Q

Two (2) Steps of System Evaluation and Selection

A
  1. Perform a Detailed Feasibility Study (TELOS)
  2. Perform a Cost–Benefit Analysis
68
Q

concerned with whether the system can be developed under existing technology or if new technology is needed.

A

Technical feasibility

69
Q

availability of funds to complete the project.

A

Economic feasibility

70
Q

identifies any conflicts between the conceptual system and the company’s ability to discharge
its legal responsibilities.

A

Legal feasibility

71
Q

• degree of compatibility between the firm’s
existing procedures and personnel skills and the
operational requirements of the new system.

A

Operational feasibility

72
Q

firm’s ability to implement the project within an
acceptable time.

A

Schedule feasibility

73
Q

helps management
determine whether (and by how much) the benefits
received from a proposed system will outweigh its
costs.

A

Cost–benefit analysis

74
Q

Three (3) Steps of Cost benefit analysis

A

Step 1: Identify Costs
Step 2: Identify Benefits
Step 3: Compare Costs and Benefits

75
Q

include the initial
investment to develop and implement the
system.

A

One-time costs

76
Q
  • cost of
    mainframe, minicomputers,
    microcomputers, and peripheral
    equipment, such as tape drives and
    disk packs.
A

Hardware acquisition

77
Q

such frequently
overlooked costs as building
modifications, equipment installation,
and freight charges.

A

Site preparation

78
Q

apply to all
software purchased for the proposed
system, including operating system
software, network control software, and
commercial applications.

A

Software acquisition -

79
Q

incurred by systems
professionals performing the planning,
analysis, and design functions.

A

Systems design

80
Q

based on
estimates of the personnel hours
required to write new programs and
modify existing programs for the
proposed system

A

Programming and testing -

81
Q

transfer of data from
one storage medium to another.

A

Data conversion

82
Q

educating users to operate
the new system.

A

Training

83
Q

include operating and
maintenance costs that recur over the life
of the system.

A

Recurring costs

84
Q

upgrading of the computer
(increasing the memory), as well as
preventive maintenance and repairs to
the computer and peripheral
equipment.

A

Hardware maintenance

85
Q

upgrading and debugging operating
systems, purchased applications, and
in-house developed applications.

A

Software maintenance

86
Q

hazards and disasters as fire,
hardware failure,
vandalism, and destruction by
disgruntled employees.

A

Insurance

87
Q

routine consumption of such
items as paper, magnetic disks, CDs,
and general office supplies.

A

Supplies

88
Q

salaries of individuals
who are part of the information system.

A

Personnel costs

89
Q

Step 2: Identify Benefits

A

A. Tangible Benefits
-Increased Revenues:
-Cost Reduction
B. Intangible Benefits

90
Q

Step 3: Compare Costs and Benefits
Two (2) Most Common Methods Used:

A

A. Net Present Value Method
B. Payback Method

91
Q

• a variation of break-even analysis.
• The break-even point is reached when total
costs equal total benefits.

A

Payback Method

92
Q

This formal document consists of a revised feasibility
study, a cost-benefit analysis, and a list and
explanation of intangible benefits for each
alternative design.
• On the basis of this report, the steering committee
will select a single system that will go forward to the
next phase of the SDLC—detailed design.

A

Prepare Systems Selection Report

INFORMATION (4 decks)

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