chapter 5🧬 Flashcards by Justine Castro☮️

monomer

small molecules that are building block of polymers

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polymer

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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macromolecules

large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

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4 macromolecules are:

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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which macromolecule is not a polymer

lipids

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carbohydrates

sugars and polymers of sugars

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monosaccharides

simplest carbohydrate(simple sugars)
they are monomers from which more complex carbohydrates are built

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monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are…

some multiple of unit CH2O

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example of monosaccharide

glucose(most common), galactose, and fructose

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function of glucose and other monosaccharides

major nutrients or fuel for cells

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ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates

1:2:1

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disaccharide

formed from dehydration reaction that joins two monosaccharides

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glycosidic linkage

the covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by dehydration reaction to form disaccharide

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disaccharide examples

lactose and sucrose(table sugar) and maltose

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disaccharide function

energy source for the body BUT must be BROKEN DOWN into monosaccharides to be used for energy by organisms

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polysaccharides

macromolecules(polymers with a few thousand monosaccharides) joined by glycosidic linkages

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function of polysaccharides

storage or structure

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what determines function of polysaccharides

its monosaccharides and the position of its glycosidic linkages

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examples of storage polysaccharides

glycogen(stored in muscle cells) and starch(stored in plant cells)

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starch(storage polysaccharide)-

a polymer of glucose monomers

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starch function

STORES glucose for energy in plants

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Glycogen function

STORES glucose for energy in animals

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glucose monomers in starch are joined by…

1-4 linkages (number 1 carbon to number 4 carbon)

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structural polysaccharides examples

cellulose and chitin

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cellulose

STRENGTHENS plant cell walls

Chitin

STRENGTHENS animal exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

cellulose is also joined by…

1-4 glycosidic linkages like starch

alpha a in glucose are ..

polymers with alpha glucose are helical

beta b in glucose is

polymers with b glucose are straight

lipids

the one biological macromolecule that dont form polymers

why cant lipids form polymers

they are hydrophobic most important trait

types of lipids

fats phospholipid and steroids

fat consists of

glycerol molecule joined to 3 fatty acids by dehydration reaction glycerol is an alcohol

glycerol structure

each of its 3 carbons has a hydroxyl group attached (-OH)

fatty acid structure

long hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group on one end( C- - O -O—H)

what atoms are in lipids

carbon, hydrogen, few oxygen

lipids are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

hydrophobic

(making a fat) fatty acids being joined to glycerol by dehydration reaction results in

ester linkages which is a bond between hydroxyl(-OH) group and carboxyl

another name for fat is

triglyceride

no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain is

saturated

one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in chain is

unsaturated

double bond in saturated fat is called__________ which creates a________

cis bond a kink in the hydrocarbon chain

which fat cant solidify

unsaturated fats like olive oil

function of fats

energy storage

phospholipid structure

two fatty acids attached to glycerol

the hydrocarbon tails in phospholipids are

hydrophobic(non polar)

the head on phospholipids are

hydrophilic(polar)

characteristic of steroids

carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

type of steroid

cholesterol

bond between amino acids carboxyl group connected to amino group

peptide bond

polypeptide

polymer of amino accids multiple peptid bonds

protein is made of

one or more polypeptidrs

amino acid

organic acid wigh amino group and carboxyl

amino structure!!!

R GROUP amino group(NH3) central carbon carboxyl group(COOH) Hydrogen

R group =

side chain

amino acids differ by

there R groups/side chains

sequence of amino acids

primary structure

protein a helix

coil

protein b helix

fold /pleated sheet

secondary structure is a result of

hydrogen bonds

3D shape stabilized by interactions with R group

tertiary structure

hydrophobic interactions

amino acids that are hydrophobic(non polar) side chains go to core of protein away from water

what stabilizes tertiary structure

hydrogen bonds between polar r groups and ionic bonds between + and - r groups

disulfide bridges

covalent bonds that reinforce shape of protein

quaternary structure

association of two or more polypeptides

change in protein structure causes

affect is proteins shape and ability to function ex. sickle cell disease

denaturation

protein unravels and loses its shape

environmental factors that affect protein structure

pH, salt concentration, temp

fribrous proteins

structural

globural

functional sensitive to changes in heat/pH

what programs primary structure

genes which are made of DNA

types of nucleic acid

DNA and RNA

DNA provides

directions for its own replication

DNA directs

RNA synthesis and through RNA controls protein synthesis which is called gene expression

gene expression

DNA to RNA to PROTEIN

mRNA

conveys genetic instructions for building proteins from the nucleus to cytoplasm

general nucleotide has 3 parts

five carbon sugar(pentose), nitrogenous base, and 1 to 3 phosphate groups

pyrimidine

family of nitrogenous base (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) has 6 membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

purines

six membered ring fused to 5 membered ring adenine and guanine

adenine cytosine and guanine are found in what

DNA and RNA

thymine is found in what

DNA

uracil is found in what

RNA

deoxyribose

sugar in DNA

ribose

sugar in RNA

difference between deoxyribose and ribose

deoxyribose lacks oxygen atom on second carbon in the ring

what are the two ends of polynucleotide

one end has phosphate to a 5’ carbon and the other has hydroxyl group on 3’ carbon usually goes from 5’ to 3’

5’ and 3’ links create

a backbone of sugar-phosphate units with nitrogenous bases as appendage

spiral in dna is called

double helix

what nitrogenous bases pair up in DNA to form hydrogen bonds

adenine A with thymine T guanine G with cytosine C when bonded harder to break

base in RNA

adenine pairs with uracil

difference between DNA and RNA

DNA almost always exists as double helix(spiral)