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chapter 5🧬 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

monomer

A

small molecules that are building block of polymers

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2
Q

polymer

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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3
Q

macromolecules

A

large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

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4
Q

4 macromolecules are:

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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5
Q

which macromolecule is not a polymer

A

lipids

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6
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugars and polymers of sugars

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7
Q

monosaccharides

A

simplest carbohydrate(simple sugars)
they are monomers from which more complex carbohydrates are built

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8
Q

monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are…

A

some multiple of unit CH2O

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9
Q

example of monosaccharide

A

glucose(most common), galactose, and fructose

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10
Q

function of glucose and other monosaccharides

A

major nutrients or fuel for cells

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11
Q

ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates

A

1:2:1

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12
Q

disaccharide

A

formed from dehydration reaction that joins two monosaccharides

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13
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

the covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by dehydration reaction to form disaccharide

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14
Q

disaccharide examples

A

lactose and sucrose(table sugar) and maltose

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15
Q

disaccharide function

A

energy source for the body BUT must be BROKEN DOWN into monosaccharides to be used for energy by organisms

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16
Q

polysaccharides

A

macromolecules(polymers with a few thousand monosaccharides) joined by glycosidic linkages

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17
Q

function of polysaccharides

A

storage or structure

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18
Q

what determines function of polysaccharides

A

its monosaccharides and the position of its glycosidic linkages

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19
Q

examples of storage polysaccharides

A

glycogen(stored in muscle cells) and starch(stored in plant cells)

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20
Q

starch(storage polysaccharide)-

A

a polymer of glucose monomers

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21
Q

starch function

A

STORES glucose for energy in plants

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22
Q

Glycogen function

A

STORES glucose for energy in animals

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23
Q

glucose monomers in starch are joined by…

A

1-4 linkages (number 1 carbon to number 4 carbon)

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24
Q

structural polysaccharides examples

A

cellulose and chitin

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25
Q

cellulose

A

STRENGTHENS plant cell walls

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26
Q

Chitin

A

STRENGTHENS animal exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

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27
Q

cellulose is also joined by…

A

1-4 glycosidic linkages like starch

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28
Q

alpha a in glucose are ..

A

polymers with alpha glucose are helical

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29
Q

beta b in glucose is

A

polymers with b glucose are straight

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30
Q

lipids

A

the one biological macromolecule that dont form polymers

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31
Q

why cant lipids form polymers

A

they are hydrophobic most important trait

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32
Q

types of lipids

A

fats phospholipid and steroids

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33
Q

fat consists of

A

glycerol molecule joined to 3 fatty acids by dehydration reaction

glycerol is an alcohol

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34
Q

glycerol structure

A

each of its 3 carbons has a hydroxyl group attached (-OH)

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35
Q

fatty acid structure

A

long hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group on one end( C- - O
-O—H)

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36
Q

what atoms are in lipids

A

carbon, hydrogen, few oxygen

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37
Q

lipids are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic

38
Q

(making a fat) fatty acids being joined to glycerol by dehydration reaction results in

A

ester linkages which is a bond between hydroxyl(-OH) group and carboxyl

39
Q

another name for fat is

A

triglyceride

40
Q

no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain is

A

saturated

41
Q

one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in chain is

A

unsaturated

42
Q

double bond in saturated fat is called__________ which creates a________

A

cis bond

a kink in the hydrocarbon chain

43
Q

which fat cant solidify

A

unsaturated fats like olive oil

44
Q

function of fats

A

energy storage

45
Q

phospholipid structure

A

two fatty acids attached to glycerol

46
Q

the hydrocarbon tails in phospholipids are

A

hydrophobic(non polar)

47
Q

the head on phospholipids are

A

hydrophilic(polar)

48
Q

characteristic of steroids

A

carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

49
Q

type of steroid

A

cholesterol

50
Q

bond between amino acids

carboxyl group connected to amino group

A

peptide bond

51
Q

polypeptide

A

polymer of amino accids multiple peptid bonds

52
Q

protein is made of

A

one or more polypeptidrs

53
Q

amino acid

A

organic acid wigh amino group and carboxyl

54
Q

amino structure!!!

A

R GROUP
amino group(NH3) central carbon carboxyl group(COOH)

                                     Hydrogen
55
Q

R group =

A

side chain

56
Q

amino acids differ by

A

there R groups/side chains

57
Q

sequence of amino acids

A

primary structure

58
Q

protein a helix

A

coil

59
Q

protein b helix

A

fold /pleated sheet

60
Q

secondary structure is a result of

A

hydrogen bonds

61
Q

3D shape stabilized by interactions with R group

A

tertiary structure

62
Q

hydrophobic interactions

A

amino acids that are hydrophobic(non polar) side chains go to core of protein away from water

63
Q

what stabilizes tertiary structure

A

hydrogen bonds between polar r groups and ionic bonds between + and - r groups

64
Q

disulfide bridges

A

covalent bonds that reinforce shape of protein

65
Q

quaternary structure

A

association of two or more polypeptides

66
Q

change in protein structure causes

A

affect is proteins shape and ability to function

ex. sickle cell disease

67
Q

denaturation

A

protein unravels and loses its shape

68
Q

environmental factors that affect protein structure

A

pH, salt concentration, temp

69
Q

fribrous proteins

A

structural

70
Q

globural

A

functional

sensitive to changes in heat/pH

71
Q

what programs primary structure

A

genes which are made of DNA

72
Q

types of nucleic acid

A

DNA and RNA

73
Q

DNA provides

A

directions for its own replication

74
Q

DNA directs

A

RNA synthesis and through RNA controls protein synthesis which is called gene expression

75
Q

gene expression

A

DNA to RNA to PROTEIN

76
Q

mRNA

A

conveys genetic instructions for building proteins from the nucleus to cytoplasm

77
Q

general nucleotide has 3 parts

A

five carbon sugar(pentose), nitrogenous base, and 1 to 3 phosphate groups

78
Q

pyrimidine

A

family of nitrogenous base (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) has 6 membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

79
Q

purines

A

six membered ring fused to 5 membered ring

adenine and guanine

80
Q

adenine cytosine and guanine are found in what

A

DNA and RNA

81
Q

thymine is found in what

A

DNA

82
Q

uracil is found in what

A

RNA

83
Q

deoxyribose

A

sugar in DNA

84
Q

ribose

A

sugar in RNA

85
Q

difference between deoxyribose and ribose

A

deoxyribose lacks oxygen atom on second carbon in the ring

86
Q

what are the two ends of polynucleotide

A

one end has phosphate to a 5’ carbon

and the other has hydroxyl group on 3’ carbon

usually goes from 5’ to 3’

87
Q

5’ and 3’ links create

A

a backbone of sugar-phosphate units with nitrogenous bases as appendage

88
Q

spiral in dna is called

A

double helix

89
Q

what nitrogenous bases pair up in DNA to form hydrogen bonds

A

adenine A with thymine T

guanine G with cytosine C

when bonded harder to break

90
Q

base in RNA

A

adenine pairs with uracil

91
Q

difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA almost always exists as double helix(spiral)

ap bio🌷 (3 decks)

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