Chapter 5 Flashcards
What are the 3 ways to classify carbohydrate monosaccharides?
- based on the location of the carbonyl and # of carbon atoms
- spatial arrangement of their atoms (isomers)
- linear and ring forms
Aldose vs ketose
aldose: carbonyl group at the END of carbon chain
ketose: carbonyl group in the MIDDLE of carbon chain
Is glucose an aldose or ketose?
aldose
Is fructose an aldose or ketose?
ketose
Triose vs pentose vs hexose
triose: 3 carbons
pentose: 5
hexose: 6
How do you determine glucose vs galactose based on structure?
glucose: OH attached to the 4’ carbon points diagonally UP right
galactose: OH attached to the 4’ carbon points diagonally DOWN right
sugars typically form ring structures in ______ solutions
aqueous
ring structures contain an ______ carbon
anomeric
What is the difference in alpha and beta linkages?
alpha: OH points away from CH2OH
beta: OH points towards CH2OH
What is a disaccharide?
two monosaccharides linked together
How do you name glycosidic linkages given carbohydrate structure?
check the carbon number and direction of the OH vs the CH2OH
Starch
energy storage plant cells
glycogen
energy storage animal cells
glucose molecules are linked by ______ linkages
glycosidic
cellulose
cells walls of plant/algae
polysaccharide structure
parallel strands joined by H bonds (forms rigid structure and hard to hydrolyze)
chitin
cell walls of arthropods/fungi/insects/crustaceans
peptidoglycan
cell walls of bacteria
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
structural support, cell identity, energy storage
Why are B 1,4 linkages hard to hydrolyze?
most organisms lack the appropriate enzymes, strong fibers exclude water from accessing the linkages (good for digestion gives fiber)
Where do carbs attach?
outside of cells
glycoproteins
carbs attached to proteins
glycolipids
carbs attached to lipids
What is unique about C-C and C-H bonds?
they are nonpolar and have a high potential energy
Do a glycosidic linkaged hydrolyze easily?
yes
phosphorylase
breaks down glycogen
amylase
breaks down starch
