Chapter 5

Question 1

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 1

in classical conditioning, a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response.

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

Associate an involuntary response and a stimulus

Question 3

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 3

naturally occuring response to unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 4

A
neutral stimulus+ unconditioned stimulus

originally neutral but developed ability to elicit response by association with UCS

Question 5

systematic desensitization

Answer 5

Behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears

Question 6

Anxiety hierarchy:

Answer 6

list of anxiety-producing situations that involve the CS, from least anxiety-producing (1st) to most anxiety-producing (last) o Patient is told to think about 1st situation and is given command to relax o Once person can relax while thinking about the situation, they go onto the 2nd situation and continue until the list is done

Question 7

Counterconditioning:

Answer 7

CS gradually loses its aversiveness by pairing with positive
UCS and by no longer being paired with negative UCS

Can eliminate maladaptive reactions

Question 8

Desensitized:

Answer 8

through pairing of negative CS (i.e. anxiety-arousing thought) w/positive UCS (command to relax), negative state loses its aversiveness

Occurs when list is complete

Question 9

Experimental neurosis:

Answer 9

result of increasingly difficult discrimination, which began to interfere w/behaviour when dog could no longer discriminate

The dog couldn’t solve a problem, and got aggressive

Question 10

Extinction:

Answer 10

continued presentation of CS without UCS results in CS no longer eliciting response

Question 11

Interoceptive conditioning by Razran:

Answer 11

classical conditioning where CS, UCS or both are applied directly to internal organs or mucosa

there are 3 types

Question 12

Intero-exteroceptive conditioning:

Answer 12

CS = internal and UCS = external

Cool water (CS) in female dog’s uterus was paired w/presentation of food, which elicited salivation as UCR. Conclusion: cool water elicited salivation (CR)

Question 13

Intero-interoceptive conditioning:

Answer 13

CS and UCS = internal.

Intestinal distension loops served as CS, which was paired w/delivery of carbon dioxide to the lungs (UCS), which is defensive breathing

Result: intestinal distention got ability to produce defensive breathing

Question 14

Extero-interoceptive conditioning:

Answer 14

CS = external and UCS = internal

Dials connected to balloons connected to uterus served as CS, which was paired w/internal UCS of bladder distention (causes need to urinate)

Result: dial readings elicited internal response of urge to urinate, even though balloon inflation was absent

Question 15

Implications of Interoceptive Conditioning for our understanding of behavior

Answer 15

1. We are usually unaware of it
2. Cannot be avoided
   3.More permanent (resistant to conditioning) than usual classical conditioning
   4.Important implications for psychosomatic medicine

Question 16

Prepared associations:

Answer 16

events that can be easily and quickly associated

Question 17

Prepared hypothesis:

Answer 17

Seligman said different species evolve diff preparedness b/c of selective pressures of evolution; it exists on continuum:
1. Prepared associations: events that can be easily and quickly associated
2.Contraprepared associations: associations that cannot be learned
3.Unprepared associations: can be learned, but many experiences w/the events are needed for association to be formed

Question 18

Biological constraints:

Answer 18

on what can be learned as some animals are predisposed to learn some associations more readily than others

Question 19

Contraprepared associations:

Answer 19

associations that cannot be learned

Question 20

Unprepared associations:

Answer 20

can be learned, but many experiences w/the events are needed for association to be formed

Question 21

Instrumental/operant conditioning

Answer 21

motives are acquired through reinforcement of appropriate responses

Leads to acquisition and/or strengthening of behaviours, which are motivated by the consequences of those behaviours

Question 22

The law of effect:

Answer 22

strengthening of connection between response and stimulus in environment

Question 23

Reinforcement:

Answer 23

strengthens response itself, making its occurrence more probable (vs. strengthening connection between stimulus and response)

Question 24

Amount of reinforcement (AOR) effect:

Answer 24

positive correlation between amount of reinforcement and performance (more intense behaviour)

Question 25

Quality of reinforcement effect (QOR):

Answer 25

positive correlation between quality of reinforcement and performance (more intense behaviour)

Question 26

Contrast:

Answer 26

occurs when amount or quality of reinforcement is altered within experiment

1. Negative contrast: when all groups were switched to medium amount of reinforcement: group previously receiving large amount performed worse than control group (received same amount all along)
2. Positive contrast: group previously receiving small amount performed better than control group

Question 27

History of reinforcement:

Answer 27

differing histories of reinforcement that groups experienced influenced responding on current conditions of reinforcement (as seen in positive and negative contrast)

Question 28

Latent learning:

Answer 28

learning in absence of reinforcement

Question 29

Reinforcer:

Answer 29

increases chance of response that it follows

Question 30

Primary/unlearned reinforcer:

Answer 30

increase chance due to their nature (i.e. sex, food)

Question 31

Secondary /conditioned reinforcer:

Answer 31

control responding b/c they have been associated w/primary reinforcer in the past

Question 32

Generalized conditioned reinforcer

Answer 32

Gains its reinforcing properties from the several primary reinforcements with which it has been paired.

its pairing w/many primary reinforcers causes it to gain reinforcer properties: strengthens or maintains behaviour for long time even without presence of PF i.e. money

Question 33

Token:

Answer 33

serves as reminder for other reinforcers it will buy i.e. money