Chapter 5

Question 1

Which of the following is an ethical market approach to environmental protection?

-Humans have a right to a livable environment.
-Nonhumans have intrinsic value and must be protected.
-There are not remedies for justice when internalizing the cost of environmental protection.
-External costs violate utility, rights, and justice, so they should be internalized.

Answer 1

External costs violate utility, rights, and justice, so they should be internalized

Question 2

According to Michael Renner from the Worldwatch Institute’s State of the World 2015 report, what is driving most of our environmental problems?

-Economic growth
-Landfill growth
-Income growth
-Technology growth

Answer 2

Economic growth

Question 3

Who claimed that a livable environment is not just something we would like to have, rather, it is something others have a duty to allow us to have?

-Paul Taylor
-Albert Schweitzer
-William Blackstone
-Aldo Leopold

Answer 3

William Blackstone

Question 4

From which external environment does a corporation draw the raw materials needed for a finished product?

-Consumer
-Natural
-Competition
-Social

Answer 4

Natural

Question 5

Which of the following is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions?

-Power generation
-Farming
-Oil drilling and processing
-Industrial processes

Answer 5

Power generation

Question 6

Which of the following claims that only when patterns of hierarchy and domination change will we be able to deal with environmental crises?

-Social ecology
-Ecofeminism
-Ethics of caring
-Lockean principle

Answer 6

Social ecology

Question 7

Which of the following describes the external price that must be paid by those in surrounding communities when pollutants are generated?

-Private costs
-Divergent costs
-Market costs
-Social costs

Answer 7

Social costs

Question 8

According to William Shepherd and Clair Wilcox, businesses in markets have developed a view of future scarcity of resources based on the idea that

-businesses consume resources quickly before their competitors have a chance.
-even though businesses cannot predict the future, they should still ensure resources will always be available.
-businesses will consider externalities and will strive to protect resources.
-the only means of conserving for the future appears to be in the hands of stakeholders.

Answer 8

businesses consume resources quickly before their competitors have a chance

Question 9

Which of the following describes the undesirable contamination of the environment by human activities?

-Resource depletion
-Greenhouse effect
-Pollution
-Global warming

Answer 9

Pollution

Question 10

Which of the following is an ethical deficiency that can occur when a market is no longer allocating resources or distributing commodities in a way that maximizes utility?

-Society will prevent overproduction, thereby limiting resources being consumed.
-Goods become more efficiently distributed to consumers as external costs become differentiated.
-Firms that do not have to pay external costs use up and waste resources being consumed by external costs.
-The overproduction of a commodity results in the production of other commodities, creating greater demand.

Answer 10

Firms that do not have to pay external costs use up and waste resources being consumed by external costs

Question 11

How can producers remedy external costs of production when they internalize the costs of pollution?

-By absorbing the cost when determining the price of its goods
-By imposing the costs to a third-party polluting agent
-By practicing lessons of the precautionary principle
-By maximizing the rule of probability theory

Answer 11

By absorbing the cost when determining the price of its goods

Question 12

When organizations pollute the local community, _____ occurs as housing values decline, wealthy owners move, and neighborhoods become inhabited by the poor.

-environmental racism
-internalizing external costs
-environmental injustice
-distributive justice

Answer 12

environmental injustice

Question 13

Which of the following is one way producers can internalize the external costs of pollution?

-By determining who is receiving benefits from the pollution and increasing costs to that group
-By using pollution-control devices and stopping pollution at its source
-By incorporating distributive justice and distributing the cost of pollution to all
-By increasing rates for those nearest the source of the pollution

Answer 13

By using pollution-control devices and stopping pollution at its source

Question 14

Which of the following is considered to be one of the most prevalent sources of the six most common forms of air pollution, affecting the air we breathe, human health, and the environment, and creating property damage?

Airborne toxins produced by carcinogens such as cigarette smoke
-Acid rain produced by burning sulfur from resources such as coal
-Chlorofluorocarbons produced by items such as refrigerators and air conditioners
-Gases and particulates produced by automobiles

Answer 14

Gases and particulates produced by automobiles

Question 15

Which of the following absorbs and holds heat from the sun, thereby contributing to the heating of the atmosphere?

-Global warming
-Acid rain
-Chlorofluorocarbons
-Greenhouse gases

Answer 15

Greenhouse gases

Question 16

Which of the following describes the view that we have a moral obligation to protect nonhuman parts of the environment simply because they deserve to be protected?

-Anthropocentric values
-Ecological ethics
-Absolute bans
-Teleological ethics

Answer 16

Ecological ethics

Question 17

Which of the following best exemplifies the Lockean principle?

-Future generations do not now exist and may never exist.
-The current generation is required to increase sustainability for the next generation.
-Because we do not know the interests of future generations, we cannot say what rights they have.
-Each generation should leave enough and as good for others

Answer 17

Each generation should leave enough and as good for others

Question 18

Which of the following supports the idea of replacing the destruction of nature with the idea of nurturing our relationships with nature and all living things?

-Social ecology
-Ecofeminism
-Ethic of caring
-Lockean principle

Answer 18

Ethic of caring

Question 19

Which of the following refers to saving or rationing natural resources so they can be used at a later date?

-Conservation
-Depletion
-Ecological ethics
-Sustainability

Answer 19

Conservation

Question 20

Which of the following is implied by environmental sustainability?

-The capacity of resources must continue to meet the needs of present generations.
-Future generations will have to find ways to meet their own needs through the use of technology.
-Humanity should not deplete renewable resources faster than we can replace them.
-Environmental, economic, and social sustainability are all interrelated.

Answer 20

Humanity should not deplete renewable resources faster than we can replace them

Question 21

Which of the following best describes sustainability?

-Giving our immediate successors a world in better condition than it is now
-The present generation’s need to sacrifice for future generations’ rights
-The saving or rationing of natural resources for later us
-The capacity something has to continue to function into the future

Answer 21

The capacity something have to continue to function into the future

Question 22

Which of the following says that if a practice carries an unknown risk of unknown proportions, the practice should be rejected until the risk is nonexistent or insignificant?

-Informed consent
-Utilitarian approach
-Maximum rule of probability theory
-Precautionary principle

Answer 22

Precautionary principle