chapter 5

Question 1

Deviance

Answer 1

behaviors and beliefs that violate social expectations and attract negative sanctions

Question 2

Strain theory

Answer 2

Merton: the idea that deviance is caused by a tension between widely valued goals and people’s ability to attain them

Question 3

Differential association theory

Answer 3

Sutherland:the idea that we need to be recruited into and taught criminal behavior by people in our social networks

Question 4

Social disorganization theory

Answer 4

Wilson: the idea that deviance is more common in dysfunctional neighborhoods

Question 5

Concentrated poverty

Answer 5

a condition in which 40 percent or more of the residents in an area live below the federal poverty line

Question 6

Neutralization theory

Answer 6

the reasons for rule breaking

Question 7

Neutralization theory types

Answer 7

Denial of Responsibility: is a claim that rule breaking is outside of a rule breaker’s control. “Its not my fault”

Denial of Injury: is a claim that the rule breaking is allowed because no one is harmed. “No one got hurt”

Denial of the Victim: is a claim that any harm that comes is deserved. “They were asking for it”

Condemnation of the Condemners: is a rejection of a critic’s moral authority to judge the rule breaker. “You’re just as bad as me

Appeal to Higher Loyalties: is the claim that rule breaking is justified in pursuit of a greater good. “I did it for my family”

Question 8

Labeling theory

Answer 8

a theory about how labels that are applied to us influence our behavior

Question 9

labeling

Answer 9

the process of assigning a deviant identity to an individual

Question 10

Primary deviance

Answer 10

to describe the instance of deviance that first attracts a label

Question 11

Secondary deviance

Answer 11

further instances of deviance prompted by the receipt of the deviant label

Question 12

Structural functionalism

Answer 12

Durkheim: the theory that society is a system of necessary, synchronized parts that work together to create social stability

Question 13

Collective conscience

Answer 13

Durkheim: a society’s shared understanding of right and wrong

Question 14

Anomie

Answer 14

Durkheim: Social instability caused by erosion of standards and values.
example: covid disrupted our norms

Question 15

Conflict theory

Answer 15

Marx, Cooper, Gilman: the idea that societies aren’t characterized by shared interests but competing ones

Question 16

Social inequality

Answer 16

a condition in which wealth, power, and prestige are most readily available to people with privileged social identities

Question 17

Stigmatization :

Answer 17

a process by which physical traits or social conditions become widely devalued

Question 18

Criminalization:

Answer 18

involves collectively defining a trait or condition as criminal.

Question 19

Medicalization:

Answer 19

involves collectively defining physical traits or social conditions as an illness. Example: anxiety is just an extreme shyness ( nervous disorders)

Question 20

Marijuana example, deviance is learned

Answer 20

Becker:
Three steps
1. Socialization: learning how to
use the drug
2. Recognition of the drug’s
effects
3. Learning to enjoy these effects

Question 21

white-collar crime

Answer 21

crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation
for example: fraud, bribery, embezzlement

Question 22

two types of ways to obey social rules

Answer 22

Merton: conformity and ritualism

Question 23

comformity

Answer 23

Merton: Strain theory: non deviant way to deal with strain.
Individuals accept both the goals as well as the prescribed means for achieving those goals.

Question 24

ritualism

Answer 24

Merton: strain theory: The mode of adaptation in which an individual has lost his interest in striving for the socially accepted goals but is satisfied in running through the rituals of working within the institutionalized means.

Question 25

two types of ways to reject social rules

Answer 25

Merton: strain theory: retreatism and rebellion

Question 26

retreatism

Answer 26

Merton: strain theory: The mode of adaptation in which an individual rejects both the idea of achieving culturally-approved goals as well as functioning within the framework of socially-approved institutionalized means.

Question 27

rebellion

Answer 27

The mode of adaptation in which an individual rejects both the culturally-acceptable goals as well as the institutionalized means of achieving those goals. However, an important thing to notice in this mode of adaptation is that while rejecting both these components, they replace them with new goals and means of achieving them. This replacement of goals and means is what separates rebellion from retreatism.

Question 28

collective effervescence

Answer 28

Durkheim: a strong, unifying emotion experienced communally by a group.

Question 29

Garfinkel’s work

Answer 29

ethnomethodology, ethnomethod, and breaching