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NEURO-BIOLOGY > CHAPTER 5 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

EXPRERIMENTAL ABLATION

A

INVESTIGATES BRAIN FUNCTIONS BY DESTROYING PARTS OF THE BRAIN AND EVALUATING THE ANIMALS BEHAVIOR

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2
Q

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENTAL ABLATION (LESION STUDIES)?

A
  1. UNDERSTAND HOW RTHE FUNCTIONS ARE COMBINED TO DO CERTAIN BEHAVIOURS
  2. DISCOVER WHAT FUNCTIONS ARE PERFORMED BY DIFFERENT BRAIN REGIONS
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3
Q

LESION

A

A WOUND INJURY

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4
Q

IS ONE BRAIN REGION RESPONSIBLE FOR A BEHAVIOUR?

A

NO

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5
Q

HOW ARE BRAIN LESIONS PRODUCED?

A
  1. PRODUCED BY PASSING ELECTRICAL CURRENT
  2. WIRE IS GUIDED TO A PRECISE LOCATION IN THE BRAIN
  3. LESION DEVICE IS ACTIVATED THAT PRODUCES A RADIO FREQUENCY CURRENT
  4. RF CURRENT THROUGH THE BRAIN TISSUE, PRODUCES HEAT KILLING CELLS IN REGION SURROUNDING THE TIP OF ELECTRODE
  5. DESTROYS NEARBY CELL BODIES, AXONS AND TERMINALS
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6
Q

EXCITATORY LESION

A

BRAIN LESION THAT PRODUCES EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TO A REGION OF BRAIN

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7
Q

WHAT DO EXCITOTOXIC LESIONS DO?

A

CHEMICAL DESTROYS NEURAL CELL BODIES IN VICINITY BUT NOT AXONS THAT BELONG TO DIFFERENT NEURONS THAT NEARBY

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8
Q

WHY DO EXCITOTOXIC LESIONS HELP?

A

HELPS RESEARCHERS DETERMINE IF BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF DESTROYING A PARTICULAR BRAIN STRUCTURE ARE CAUSED BY DEATH OF NEURON LOCATED THERE OR THE DESTRUCTION OF AXONS PASSING NEARBY

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9
Q

SHAM LESIONS

A

PLACEBO PROCEDURE. DOES EVERY STEP BUT PRODUCING A BRAIN LESION

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10
Q

HOW IS A SHAM LESION EXECUTED?

A
  1. ANESTHETIZE EACH ANIMAL
  2. INSERT ELECTRODE OR CANNULA LOWER IT TO PROPER DEPTH
  3. DOES NOT TURN ON LESION MAKER
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11
Q

CAN LESIONS BE ONLY TEMPORARY

A

NO. ALL LESIONS CAN BE PERMANENT OR TEMPORARY

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12
Q

STEREOTAXIC SURGERY

A

SURGERY USING STEREOTAXIC APPARATUS TO POSITION AN ELECTRODE OR CANNULA IN A SPECIFIED POSITION OF BRAIN

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13
Q

STEREOTAXIC APPARATUS

A

DEVICE HELPS POSITION AN ELECTRODE OR CANNULA

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14
Q

STEREOTAXIC ATLAS

A

IMAGES THAT CORRESPOND TO FRONTAL SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN TAKEN AT VARIOUS DISTANCES

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15
Q

BREGMA

A

The junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures of the skull; often used as a reference point for stereotaxic brain surgery.

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16
Q

DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION

A

USING STEREOTAXIC SURGERY TO IMPLANT A PERMANENT ELECTRODE IN THE BRAIN.

ELECTRICAL CURRENT IS USED TO STIMULATE BRAIN REGIONS AND REDUCE SYMPTOMS

USED TO TREAT CHRONIC PAIN, DEPRESSION. PARKINSON’S DISEASE, EPILEPSY, DEPRESSION, OCD

17
Q

HISTOLOGICAL METHODS

A

THE PROCESS OF HISTOLOGICAL STAINING

18
Q

FIXATIVE

A

CHEMICAL(I.E. FORMALIN) USED TO PREPARE AND PRESERVE BODY TISSUE

19
Q

FORMALIN

A

AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF FORMALDEHYDE GAS, MOST COMMONLY USED TISSUE FIXATIVE

LINKS WITH PROTEINS TO STRENGTHEN FRAGILE BRAIN TISSUE AND KILLS ANY MICROORGANISMS THAT TRY TO DESTROY IT.

20
Q

TO PREVENT DECOMPOSITION FROM BACTERIA AND MOLD WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?

A

NEURAL TISSUES IS PLACED IN A FIXATIVE. THEN IR BECOMES “FIXED”

21
Q

MICROTOME

A

AN INSTRUMENT THAT PRODUCES VERY THIN SLICES OF BODY TISSUES

22
Q

CRYOSTAT

A

AN INSTRUMENT THAT PRODUCES VERY THIN SLICES OF BODY TISSUE INSIDE A FREEZER CHAMBER

23
Q

CELL-BODY STAIN

A

MOST SIMPLE USED STAIN TO VERIFY LOCATION OF BRAIN LESION

24
Q

DYE THAT STAIN CELL BODIES

A

METHYLENE BLUE AND CRESYL VIOLET

25
Q

IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL METHOD

A

HISTOLOGICAL METHOD THAT USES RADIOACTIVE ANTIBODIES OR ANTIBODIES BOUND WITH A DYE MOLECULE TO INDICATE THE PRESENCE OF PARTICULAR PROTEINS OF PEPTIDES

26
Q

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

A

A MICROSCOPE THAT PASSES A FOCUSED BEAM OF ELECTRONS THROUGH THIN SLICES OF TISSUE TO REVEAL EXTREMELY SMALL DETAILS ( CELL ORGANELLES, SYNAPTIC VESICLES ETC)

27
Q

SCANNING ELECTRON MISCROSCOPE

A

MICROSCOPE THAT PROVIDES INFORMATION ON STRUCTURES IN 3D

28
Q

CONFOCAL LASER SCANNING MICROSCOPE

A

MICROSCOPE THAT PROVIDES HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGES OF VARIOUS DEPTHS OF THICK TISSUE THAT CONTAINS FLUORESCENT MOLECULES BY SCANNING THE TISSUE WITH LIGHT FROM A LASER BEAM

29
Q

ELECTRON PHOTOMICROGRAPH

A

PHOTOGRAPHED OR SCANNED INTO A COMPUTER. PROVIDES INFO ABOUT STRUCTURAL DETAILS ON THE ORDER OF A FEW TENS OF NANOMETERS

30
Q

ANTEROGRADE LABELING METHOD (MOVING FORWARDS)

A

HISTOLOGICAL METHOD THAT LABELS THE AXONS AND TERMINAL BUTTONS OF NEURONS WHOSE CELL BODIES ARE LOCATED IN A PARTICULAR REGION.
CHEMICAL ARE TAKEN UP BY DENDRITES OR CELL BODIES ALL THE WAY TO TERMINAL BUTTONS

31
Q

RETROGRADE LABELING METHOD (MOVING BACKWARD)

A

EMPLOYS CHEMICAL TAKEN UP BY TERMINAL BUTTONS AND CARRIED BACKWARDS THROUGH AXONS TOWARD CELL BODIES

32
Q

TRANSNEURAL TRACING METHODS

A

IDENTIFIES A SERIES OF NEURONS THAT FORM SERIAL SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS WITH EACH OTHER, EITHER IN ANTEROGRADE OR RETROGRADE DIRECTION

INVOLVES INFECTING SPECIFIC NEURONS WITH WEAKENED FORMS OF RABIES OR HERPES VIRUSES

33
Q

COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY (CT SCANS)

A

employs a computer to analyze data obtained by a scanning beam of x-rays to produce a two dimensional picture of a “slice” through the brain

34
Q

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI SCAN)

A

A TECHNIQUE WHERE THE INTERIOR OF THE BODY CAN BE ACCURATELY IMAGED ; INVOLVES INTERACTION BETWEEN RADIO WAVES AND STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD

35
Q

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A

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NEURO-BIOLOGY (1 decks)

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