CHAPTER 5 Flashcards
EXPRERIMENTAL ABLATION
INVESTIGATES BRAIN FUNCTIONS BY DESTROYING PARTS OF THE BRAIN AND EVALUATING THE ANIMALS BEHAVIOR
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENTAL ABLATION (LESION STUDIES)?
- UNDERSTAND HOW RTHE FUNCTIONS ARE COMBINED TO DO CERTAIN BEHAVIOURS
- DISCOVER WHAT FUNCTIONS ARE PERFORMED BY DIFFERENT BRAIN REGIONS
LESION
A WOUND INJURY
IS ONE BRAIN REGION RESPONSIBLE FOR A BEHAVIOUR?
NO
HOW ARE BRAIN LESIONS PRODUCED?
- PRODUCED BY PASSING ELECTRICAL CURRENT
- WIRE IS GUIDED TO A PRECISE LOCATION IN THE BRAIN
- LESION DEVICE IS ACTIVATED THAT PRODUCES A RADIO FREQUENCY CURRENT
- RF CURRENT THROUGH THE BRAIN TISSUE, PRODUCES HEAT KILLING CELLS IN REGION SURROUNDING THE TIP OF ELECTRODE
- DESTROYS NEARBY CELL BODIES, AXONS AND TERMINALS
EXCITATORY LESION
BRAIN LESION THAT PRODUCES EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TO A REGION OF BRAIN
WHAT DO EXCITOTOXIC LESIONS DO?
CHEMICAL DESTROYS NEURAL CELL BODIES IN VICINITY BUT NOT AXONS THAT BELONG TO DIFFERENT NEURONS THAT NEARBY
WHY DO EXCITOTOXIC LESIONS HELP?
HELPS RESEARCHERS DETERMINE IF BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF DESTROYING A PARTICULAR BRAIN STRUCTURE ARE CAUSED BY DEATH OF NEURON LOCATED THERE OR THE DESTRUCTION OF AXONS PASSING NEARBY
SHAM LESIONS
PLACEBO PROCEDURE. DOES EVERY STEP BUT PRODUCING A BRAIN LESION
HOW IS A SHAM LESION EXECUTED?
- ANESTHETIZE EACH ANIMAL
- INSERT ELECTRODE OR CANNULA LOWER IT TO PROPER DEPTH
- DOES NOT TURN ON LESION MAKER
CAN LESIONS BE ONLY TEMPORARY
NO. ALL LESIONS CAN BE PERMANENT OR TEMPORARY
STEREOTAXIC SURGERY
SURGERY USING STEREOTAXIC APPARATUS TO POSITION AN ELECTRODE OR CANNULA IN A SPECIFIED POSITION OF BRAIN
STEREOTAXIC APPARATUS
DEVICE HELPS POSITION AN ELECTRODE OR CANNULA
STEREOTAXIC ATLAS
IMAGES THAT CORRESPOND TO FRONTAL SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN TAKEN AT VARIOUS DISTANCES
BREGMA
The junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures of the skull; often used as a reference point for stereotaxic brain surgery.
DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION
USING STEREOTAXIC SURGERY TO IMPLANT A PERMANENT ELECTRODE IN THE BRAIN.
ELECTRICAL CURRENT IS USED TO STIMULATE BRAIN REGIONS AND REDUCE SYMPTOMS
USED TO TREAT CHRONIC PAIN, DEPRESSION. PARKINSON’S DISEASE, EPILEPSY, DEPRESSION, OCD
HISTOLOGICAL METHODS
THE PROCESS OF HISTOLOGICAL STAINING
FIXATIVE
CHEMICAL(I.E. FORMALIN) USED TO PREPARE AND PRESERVE BODY TISSUE
FORMALIN
AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF FORMALDEHYDE GAS, MOST COMMONLY USED TISSUE FIXATIVE
LINKS WITH PROTEINS TO STRENGTHEN FRAGILE BRAIN TISSUE AND KILLS ANY MICROORGANISMS THAT TRY TO DESTROY IT.
TO PREVENT DECOMPOSITION FROM BACTERIA AND MOLD WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?
NEURAL TISSUES IS PLACED IN A FIXATIVE. THEN IR BECOMES “FIXED”
MICROTOME
AN INSTRUMENT THAT PRODUCES VERY THIN SLICES OF BODY TISSUES
CRYOSTAT
AN INSTRUMENT THAT PRODUCES VERY THIN SLICES OF BODY TISSUE INSIDE A FREEZER CHAMBER
CELL-BODY STAIN
MOST SIMPLE USED STAIN TO VERIFY LOCATION OF BRAIN LESION
DYE THAT STAIN CELL BODIES
METHYLENE BLUE AND CRESYL VIOLET
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL METHOD
HISTOLOGICAL METHOD THAT USES RADIOACTIVE ANTIBODIES OR ANTIBODIES BOUND WITH A DYE MOLECULE TO INDICATE THE PRESENCE OF PARTICULAR PROTEINS OF PEPTIDES
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
A MICROSCOPE THAT PASSES A FOCUSED BEAM OF ELECTRONS THROUGH THIN SLICES OF TISSUE TO REVEAL EXTREMELY SMALL DETAILS ( CELL ORGANELLES, SYNAPTIC VESICLES ETC)
SCANNING ELECTRON MISCROSCOPE
MICROSCOPE THAT PROVIDES INFORMATION ON STRUCTURES IN 3D
CONFOCAL LASER SCANNING MICROSCOPE
MICROSCOPE THAT PROVIDES HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGES OF VARIOUS DEPTHS OF THICK TISSUE THAT CONTAINS FLUORESCENT MOLECULES BY SCANNING THE TISSUE WITH LIGHT FROM A LASER BEAM
ELECTRON PHOTOMICROGRAPH
PHOTOGRAPHED OR SCANNED INTO A COMPUTER. PROVIDES INFO ABOUT STRUCTURAL DETAILS ON THE ORDER OF A FEW TENS OF NANOMETERS
ANTEROGRADE LABELING METHOD (MOVING FORWARDS)
HISTOLOGICAL METHOD THAT LABELS THE AXONS AND TERMINAL BUTTONS OF NEURONS WHOSE CELL BODIES ARE LOCATED IN A PARTICULAR REGION.
CHEMICAL ARE TAKEN UP BY DENDRITES OR CELL BODIES ALL THE WAY TO TERMINAL BUTTONS
RETROGRADE LABELING METHOD (MOVING BACKWARD)
EMPLOYS CHEMICAL TAKEN UP BY TERMINAL BUTTONS AND CARRIED BACKWARDS THROUGH AXONS TOWARD CELL BODIES
TRANSNEURAL TRACING METHODS
IDENTIFIES A SERIES OF NEURONS THAT FORM SERIAL SYNAPTIC CONNECTIONS WITH EACH OTHER, EITHER IN ANTEROGRADE OR RETROGRADE DIRECTION
INVOLVES INFECTING SPECIFIC NEURONS WITH WEAKENED FORMS OF RABIES OR HERPES VIRUSES
COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY (CT SCANS)
employs a computer to analyze data obtained by a scanning beam of x-rays to produce a two dimensional picture of a “slice” through the brain
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI SCAN)
A TECHNIQUE WHERE THE INTERIOR OF THE BODY CAN BE ACCURATELY IMAGED ; INVOLVES INTERACTION BETWEEN RADIO WAVES AND STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD
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