Chapter 5

Question 1

ion

Answer 1

charged atom or molecule

Question 2

cation

Answer 2

positively charged atom or molecule

Question 3

anion

Answer 3

negatively charged atom or molecule

Question 4

Two atoms held together by ionic bonding do so through ____.

Answer 4

the attraction of opposite charges

Question 5

How do water molecules keep dissolved ions from combining into molecules?

Answer 5

Water molecules are polar and are able to surround ions, preventing them from joining with other ions.

Question 6

Unit of weight

Answer 6

mg/kg

Question 7

unit of volume

Answer 7

mg/l

Question 8

unit of molar terms

Answer 8

moles/kg

Question 9

The ocean contains an average of 35 parts per thousand dissolved salt; this is the ocean’s ____.

Answer 9

salinity

Question 10

A charged atom, or molecules is called a(n) ____. Positively charged examples are called ____ and negatively charged examples are ____.

Answer 10

ion; cations; anions

Question 11

Ocean salinity changes with ____, as rates of precipitation, evaporation, and runoff are strong influences on how much salt is dissolved in ocean water.

Answer 11

latitude

Question 12

____ bonds, those formed due to the attraction of oppositely charged particles, are easily broken in water due to the polar nature of the water molecule.

Answer 12

Ionic or ion

Question 13

A negatively charged chloride atom dissolved in water will be surrounded with the positively charged ____ atoms of the water molecule, which prevents the chloride atom from combining with other ions.

Answer 13

hydrogen

Question 14

In polar areas the salinity of surface ocean water ____ in the summer because of the input of melted ice.

Answer 14

lowers, decreases, decrease, or lower

Question 15

Dissolved constituent concentrations in water are expressed in terms of ____, ____, and molarity.

Answer 15

weight; volume

Question 16

Rates of evaporation are high ____, so salinity is also high.

Answer 16

in the subtropics

Question 17

About ____ percent of the weight of seawater is dissolved salts.

Answer 17

3.5

Question 18

Rank the major constituents of seawater according to their abundance by weight, with the highest weight at the top and the lowest weight at the bottom.

Answer 18

Chloride
Sodium
Sulfate
Magnesium
Calcium
Potassium

Question 19

Why does ocean salinity change with latitude?

Answer 19

Latitude influences evaporation and precipitation within the hydrologic cycle.

Question 20

True or false: Trace elements are labeled as such because they are unimportant to ocean processes.

Answer 20

False

Question 21

The ratios of certain major constituents in seawater do not change and are called ____, whereas the ratios of constituents present in smaller amounts do change and are known as ____.

Answer 21

conservative; nonconservative

Question 22

Which of the following statements best describes the seasonal changes in ocean water salinities of polar areas?

Answer 22

Ice forming in the winter increases salinity, and ice melting in the summer decreases salinity.

Question 23

Match the type of ocean salt ion to its original source.
cations
anions

Answer 23

Cations - Earth’s crust

Anions - Earth’s mantle

Question 24

Which of the following geographic locations are known for their high ocean salinities resulting from both high evaporation rates and low freshwater input?

Answer 24

Persian Gulf; Red Sea; Mediterranean Sea

Question 25

Water coming out of hydrothermal vents on the sea floor has a much ____ salinity than the water that enters the system. Scientists ____ how this affects ocean salinity overall.

Answer 25

higher; do not understand

Question 26

Which of the following are the six major constituents of seawater?

Answer 26

chloride; calcium; sulfate; potassium; magnesium; sodium