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POLI1060 - Political Worlds: Themes and Concepts > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ideology?

A

I. A system of beliefs; what one would find ideal
II. Seeks to promote a particular social and political order
III. Contains empirical (observation & experience), semantic (meaning in language or logic), and normative elements (deriving from a standard)

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2
Q

What is an ideology designed to do?

A

I. Describe the existing political order/community
II. Present an ideal vision of what the political order should look like
III. Prescribe a means to transform the existing into the ideal
IV. It spells out what is valued and what’s not
V. What must be maintained and what must be changed
VI. It shapes accordingly the attitudes of those who share it

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3
Q

Which ideologies were born from the European Enlightenment and which were born as a challenge to it?

A 
From the European Enlightenment:
I. Liberalism
II. Socialism
III. Nationalism
IV. Anarchism
As a challenge to the European Enlightenment:
I. Conservatism
II. Fascism
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4
Q

Why are ideologies relevant?

A

Help shape the political landscape domestic and internationally

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5
Q

What are ideologies for Festenstein and Kenny?

A

“Internally pluralistic, contested, complex, and overlapping”

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6
Q

What are features of an ideology?

A

I. Action oriented
II. Typically less rigorous than “proper” theory
III. Tends to combine concepts that political philosophers treat separately
IV. Both reflects and shapes the social and historical context within which it emerges

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7
Q

How are ideologies action-oriented?

A

I. Describe the current political order
II. Present a vision of what it should be like
III. Suggest how to get from I to II

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8
Q

What is the ideological left like?

A

I. Equality
II. Justice
III. Rights
IV. Prioritize an equitab;e distribution of resources and a robust social safety net that guarantees a decent quality of life for everyone
IV. Recent thinking - a basic income to ensure that everyone in society has enough income to meet the basic needs of life
V. More focused on the environment in general

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9
Q

What is the ideological right like?

A

I. Law and order
II. Security
III. Stability (not really interested in change)
IV. Prioritize balanced budgets, fiscal responsibility overall, business friendly regulations & tax policies to stimulate economic growth

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10
Q

What are some of the key liberalist thinkers we studies so far?

A 
I. Hobbes
II. Locke
III. Bentham
IV. Mill
V. Rawls
VI. Nozick
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11
Q

What is the dominant political ideology in the West?

A

Liberalism

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12
Q

When and where was liberalism originated?

A

17th and 18th century Europe - rise of capitalism

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13
Q

What is the central theme of liberalism?

A

Individuality (Hobbes and Locke)

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14
Q

Where is liberalism in the political spectrum?

A

In the center usually - depending on the country might refer to left or right, however: Australia - right, US - left + state intervention, Canada - centre-left

Classical Liberalism - right
New Liberalism - left

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15
Q

What are the overall themes of liberalism?

A

I. Individual’s right, liberties and responsibilities

II. Important economic implications for the state

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16
Q

What is the role of the state for Classical Liberalism?

A

Should be as limited as possible, except to ensure security and enforce private property rights

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17
Q

Which thinkers have strong influence on Classical Liberalism?

A

Adam Smith and Herbert Spencer

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18
Q

What is the explanation behind Classical Liberalism’s view on the state?

A

I. The market is the most effective means of meeting human needs
II. A small state maximizes individual freedom

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19
Q

What caused the origin of New Liberalism?

A

Classical liberalism was challenged in the end of the 19th century as poverty was getting recognized and socialism was emerging as an alternative

20
Q

Who called for a new form of Liberalism?

A

Thomas Hill Green
Leonard Hobhouse
John Hobson

21
Q

What is the emphasis of New Liberalism? Why?

A

I. Social reform

II. State intervention could increase liberty by expanding individual opportunity

22
Q

The new liberalism dominated the political landscape for much of the 20th century. What are some examples of how it affected Canada?

A

Medicare, social reform
Canada pension plan (CPP)
Old age security (OAS)

23
Q

What ideology arose to challenge New Liberalism?

A

New Right

24
Q

What types of liberty does each branch of Liberalism defend?

A

Classical Liberalism: negative liberties; freedom from constraint from the state

New Liberalism: positive liberties; freedom to pursue self-development - state intervention can generate equality of opportunity and protection of rights

25
Q

Why do New Liberalism critics say that it cannot be considered a form of Liberalism?

A

Shifts emphasis from individual to society

26
Q

What is the liberal thought on individuals?

A

I. individuals should be protected from society and from the state
II. Individuals are rational and self-interested, i.e., can make their own choices
a. Masks, vaccines FLQ crisis in Montreal, government suspended civil liberties
III. Communities are aggregates of individuals with competing interests

27
Q

What is the problem with the liberal view on equality?

A

Liberals look to equality of opportunity to ensure fairness on the principle that if individuals start from the same position, then they will be rewarded according to their merit
However, the free market does not allow for genuine equality of opportunity because individuals don’t start out in life from the same position

28
Q

When, where, why and by whom did Socialism emerge?

A 
I. 19th century
II. France & Britain
III. Rise of the industrial working class
IV. Claude-Henri Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
     Charles Fourier (1772-1837)
     Robert Owen (1771-1858)
29
Q

What was Marx’s critic on the founders of socialism and what did he do about it?

A

I. Considered these thinkers utopian - had no practical vision of how political change would come about
II. Developed a “scientific” theory, suggesting that socialism is both ethical and historically inevitable

30
Q

What is the definition of socialism?

A

I. Ideology focused on human community and society
II. Group as a social organism more than the individual III. Emphasis on state involvement in social welfare and on human and economic equality

31
Q

What are the two camps of socialism?

A

I. The “3rd International” of world communist organizations
a. nao sei ainda
II. Social democracy
a. ns ainda

32
Q

What are the 3 key principles of socialism?

A

I. Generally optimistic view of human nature
a. human nature as capable of being shaped by social, economic, and political circumstances
II. Equality
a. Equality of outcome, because they understand inequality to be the result of different positions in a social structure, rather than differences in ability
b. Attempts to satisfy human needs, rather than merely providing the opportunity for individuals to do so themselves
III. Community
a. Emphasis on cooperation and collective, rather than individual goals

33
Q

What are some of the criticism on socialism?

A

I. utopian, unrealistic, and unrealizable
II. its goal, in which human beings can achieve genuine emancipation (liberation) and fulfillment as members of a community demands too much of its citizens
III. Its emphasis on egalitarianism can result in a authoritarian state
(This critique does not apply so easily to social democratic models)

34
Q

What is conservatism?

A

I. Favors tradition over innovation - status quo
II. Negative response to the “progressive” thought of liberalism
III. Society must have a stable order and structure in order for individuals to know their place in the community and life and work within those confines for the good of the whole, change, they said, must be gradual
IV. The social group is more important than individuals and liberalism is individualistic and selfish
V. Edmund Burke

35
Q

What is the definition of conservatism?

A

Political ideology that reveres tradition and the status quo, view human as imperfect and imperfectible, upholds law and order over equality and freedom, and tolerates only gradual change in the structures of society

36
Q

What is the conservative view on rationalism?

A

Aversion to rationalism (idea that society could be constructed on a set of abstract principles); Society is too complicated to be taken apart and reassembled like a machine

37
Q

Conservatism in a sociocultural context

A

I. Emphasis on preservation of traditional moral values
II. Threatened by globalizing culture
III. Often advocates of an anti-secular position
IV. Opposed to abortion, same sex-marriage, support for stiffer jail sentences, the protection of lifestyles and cultures they believe are corrosive of traditional values

38
Q

What is the definition of neo-conservatism?

A

Political right; combines neoliberal economic policies (low taxes, smaller government, limited social spending) with conservative social policies (opposition to abortion, gay rights, feminism) and a ‘hawkish’ foreign policy (increased military spending, pro-nuclear weapons, vigilant “war on terror”)

39
Q

What is the new public management?

A

Brand of social authoritarianism with nationalism to create a reactionary movement that has had a large impact on the direction of U.S. domestic foreign policy
Interventions in Iraq & Afghanistan can be seen as a product of neo-conservative ideas

40
Q

How neo-conservatism differ from classical conservatism?

A

Rarely fall in with traditional conservative values such as “traditional, ritual, hierarchy, small government, fiscal austerity, devotion to place, and homage to the past”

41
Q

What are the principles of neo-conservatism?

A

I. Patriotism and the immorality of dissent
a. See NFL players who kneeled during anthem
II. Opposition to world government
a. See trump’s dismissiveness of global/multilateral
institutions
III. Good vs evil outlook on the world: “either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists”
a. After 9/11, Bush says either you’re with us or your
against us, identified countries that were a threat to
the US
III. Promotion of American goals through the use of force
a. See US military interventions

42
Q

What are some of the criticism on neo-conservatism?

A

I. Imperially hubristic and naively optimistic
a. Iraq war 2003
II. Undermining of international institutions
III. Contributed to the current global recession
a. Money spent in Iraq and 2008

43
Q

What is the definition of nationalism?

A

Ideology that seeks the separation of one nation from others and strives to create and protect the political institutions and mechanisms needed to ensure the propensity of that nation, its values, traditions and culture

44
Q

What does nationalism promote and who does it appeal to?

A

I. Appeals to voters who feel left out of their country’s economic progress
a. See Trump’s lambasting of NAFTA during 2016
Presidential campaign
II. Creates an ‘Us’ vs ‘Them’ mentality
a. Example Brexit, Quebec “ethnic vote” referendum

45
Q

What are the two types of natianalism?

A

I. Civic nationalism
a. Loyalty to the institutions and values of a
particular political community
b. Inclusive; open to anyone who chooses it
II. Ethnic nationalism
a. Loyalty to a shared inheritance based on culture,
language, or religion
b. Exclusive, membership is inherited, not chosen

POLI1060 - Political Worlds: Themes and Concepts (9 decks)

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