Chapter 5

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experiences

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

Occurs when an organism reduces its response to a recurring stimulus

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

we associate two different stimuli: for example, the sound of a buzzer and the arrival of food

Question 4

Operant Conditioning

Answer 4

we make connections between our behaviors and their consequences: for example, through rewards and punishments.

Question 5

Observational Learning

Answer 5

we learn by watching and imitating other people, establishing a closer link between our behavior and the behavior of others.

Question 6

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 6

Discovered classical conditioning

Question 7

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 7

Does not cause an automatic response

Question 8

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 8

Causes unlearned response

Question 9

Unconditioned Response

Answer 9

Is automatic and is triggered by Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 10

Conditiones Stimulus

Answer 10

Learned response. Always different from the US.

Question 11

Conditioned Response

Answer 11

Learned response from pairing with the Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 12

Acquisition

Answer 12

The initial learning phase in both classical and operant conditioning

Question 13

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 13

The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response

Question 14

Stimulus Descrimination

Answer 14

The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli sufficiently different from it

Question 15

Extinction

Answer 15

In classical conditioning, the process by which the conditioned response decreases after repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus; in operant conditioning, the disappearance of a learned behavior through the removal of its reinforcer.

Question 16

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 16

The reappearance of a conditioned response following its extinction

Question 17

Higher Order Conditioning

Answer 17

With repeated pairings of a conditioned stimulus and a second neutral stimulus, that second neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus

Question 18

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 18

A form of classical conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to associate the taste of a food or drink with illness

Question 19

Adaptive Value

Answer 19

The degree to which a trait or behavior helps an organism survive

Question 20

Conditioned emotional response

Answer 20

Occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with an emotional reaction

Question 21

Law of Effect

Answer 21

Behaviors are more likely to be repeated when followed by a pleasurable outcome

Question 22

Reinforcers

Answer 22

Events, stimuli, and other consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring

Question 23

Reinforcement

Answer 23

process of increasing the frequency of behaviors with consequences

Question 24

Positive reinforcement

Answer 24

The process by which reinforcers are added or presented following a target behavior, increasing the likelihood of it occurring again

Question 25

Negative reinforcement

Answer 25

The removal of a target behavior, which increases the likelihood of it occurring again

Question 26

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 26

A reinforcer that satisfies a biological need

Question 27

Secondary Reinforcers

Answer 27

Reinforcers that do not satisfy biological needs but often gain power through their association with primary reinforcers

Question 28

Successive approximations

Answer 28

A method that uses reinforcers to condition a series of small steps that gradually approach the target behavior

Question 29

Shaping

Answer 29

Process by which a person observes the behaviors of another organism, providing reinforcers if the organism performs at a required level

Question 30

Instinctive Drift

Answer 30

The tendency for animals to revert to instinctual behaviors after a behavior pattern has been learned

Question 31

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 31

A schedule of reinforcement in which every target behavior is reinforced

Question 32

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 32

A schedule of reinforcement in which target behaviors are reinforced intermittently, not continuously.

Question 33

Fixed ratio Schedule

Answer 33

A schedule in which the subject must exhibit a predetermined number of desired behaviors before reinforcement id given

Question 34

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 34

Doing a behavior that is near the desired amount before being rewarded

Question 35

Fixed interaval schedule

Answer 35

A schedule which the reinforcer comes after a preestablished interval of time

Question 36

Variable interval schedule

Answer 36

A schedule in which a behavior is reinforced after an interval of time, but the length of the interval changes from trial to trial

Question 37

Punishment

Answer 37

The application of consequences that decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring

Question 38

Positive punishment

Answer 38

The addition of something unpleasant following an unwanted behavior, with the intention of decreasing that behavior

Question 39

Negative punsihment

Answer 39

the removal of something desirable following an unwanted behavior, with the intention of decreasing that behavior.