Chapter 5 Flashcards
Learning
relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experiences
Habituation
Occurs when an organism reduces its response to a recurring stimulus
Classical Conditioning
we associate two different stimuli: for example, the sound of a buzzer and the arrival of food
Operant Conditioning
we make connections between our behaviors and their consequences: for example, through rewards and punishments.
Observational Learning
we learn by watching and imitating other people, establishing a closer link between our behavior and the behavior of others.
Ivan Pavlov
Discovered classical conditioning
Neutral Stimulus
Does not cause an automatic response
Unconditioned Stimulus
Causes unlearned response
Unconditioned Response
Is automatic and is triggered by Unconditioned Stimulus
Conditiones Stimulus
Learned response. Always different from the US.
Conditioned Response
Learned response from pairing with the Unconditioned Stimulus
Acquisition
The initial learning phase in both classical and operant conditioning
Stimulus Generalization
The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response
Stimulus Descrimination
The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli sufficiently different from it
Extinction
In classical conditioning, the process by which the conditioned response decreases after repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus; in operant conditioning, the disappearance of a learned behavior through the removal of its reinforcer.
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of a conditioned response following its extinction
Higher Order Conditioning
With repeated pairings of a conditioned stimulus and a second neutral stimulus, that second neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned taste aversion
A form of classical conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to associate the taste of a food or drink with illness
Adaptive Value
The degree to which a trait or behavior helps an organism survive
Conditioned emotional response
Occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with an emotional reaction
Law of Effect
Behaviors are more likely to be repeated when followed by a pleasurable outcome
Reinforcers
Events, stimuli, and other consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring
Reinforcement
process of increasing the frequency of behaviors with consequences
Positive reinforcement
The process by which reinforcers are added or presented following a target behavior, increasing the likelihood of it occurring again
Negative reinforcement
The removal of a target behavior, which increases the likelihood of it occurring again
Primary Reinforcer
A reinforcer that satisfies a biological need
Secondary Reinforcers
Reinforcers that do not satisfy biological needs but often gain power through their association with primary reinforcers
Successive approximations
A method that uses reinforcers to condition a series of small steps that gradually approach the target behavior
Shaping
Process by which a person observes the behaviors of another organism, providing reinforcers if the organism performs at a required level
Instinctive Drift
The tendency for animals to revert to instinctual behaviors after a behavior pattern has been learned
Continuous Reinforcement
A schedule of reinforcement in which every target behavior is reinforced
Partial Reinforcement
A schedule of reinforcement in which target behaviors are reinforced intermittently, not continuously.
Fixed ratio Schedule
A schedule in which the subject must exhibit a predetermined number of desired behaviors before reinforcement id given
Variable ratio schedule
Doing a behavior that is near the desired amount before being rewarded
Fixed interaval schedule
A schedule which the reinforcer comes after a preestablished interval of time
Variable interval schedule
A schedule in which a behavior is reinforced after an interval of time, but the length of the interval changes from trial to trial
Punishment
The application of consequences that decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring
Positive punishment
The addition of something unpleasant following an unwanted behavior, with the intention of decreasing that behavior
Negative punsihment
the removal of something desirable following an unwanted behavior, with the intention of decreasing that behavior.
